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By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Acupuncture, Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Athletes, Chiropractic Care, Electroacupuncture, Physio, Sporting , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The Critical Role of Nursing in Athlete Recovery from Motor Vehicle Accidents

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) can profoundly impact athletes, causing physical injuries such as musculoskeletal damage, back and neck pain, and nerve injuries, alongside psychological trauma that disrupts their ability to compete. Nurse practitioners (NPs), with their comprehensive medical training, play a pivotal role in the recovery process, particularly when integrated with chiropractic care and acupuncture. This blog post, written at a high school reading level, explores the effects of MVAs on athletes, the essential contributions of NPs, and the expertise of Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, in El Paso, Texas, whose dual licensure enhances both clinical care and legal documentation for personal injury cases. By emphasizing nursing-led care, integrative medicine, and holistic approaches, this post highlights how athletes can regain their health and performance.

The Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents on Athletes

Physical Injuries from MVAs

MVAs often result in injuries that challenge an athlete’s physical capabilities. Common injuries include:

  • Musculoskeletal Injuries: Sudden impacts can strain or tear muscles, tendons, and ligaments, with whiplash being a common issue that affects neck mobility (Cedar Park Chiropractic, n.d.).
  • Back and Neck Pain: Spinal injuries, such as herniated discs or misalignments, cause chronic pain, limiting movement (Jimenez, 2025).
  • Nerve Injuries: Compressed or irritated nerves, such as those causing sciatica, can lead to pain, numbness, or weakness (El Paso Back Clinic, n.d.).
  • Ligamentous Injuries: Torn ligaments destabilize joints, increasing re-injury risks (Advanced Bone and Joint, 2021).

These injuries can weaken muscles and reduce strength, significantly impairing athletic performance (Freedom Physical Therapy, n.d.).

Psychological Trauma

MVAs also cause emotional and psychological challenges that affect athletes’ mental focus:

  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Accident-related trauma may trigger anxiety or flashbacks, hindering training focus (The Florida Law Group, 2023).
  • Depression and Anxiety: Chronic pain and performance limitations can lead to low motivation and confidence (Universidad Europea, n.d.).
  • Fear of Re-injury: Psychological barriers may prevent athletes from fully engaging in their sport (Universidad Europea, n.d.).

These mental health issues require a holistic approach to ensure complete recovery.

Decline in Sports Performance

Physical and psychological injuries from MVAs can lead to:

  • Reduced range of motion, affecting agility and power (Lakeside Sports Chiropractic, n.d.).
  • Persistent pain makes training and competition difficult (Miami Chiropractors, n.d.).
  • Increased re-injury risk due to compensatory movements or structural weaknesses (Texas Medical Institute, n.d.).

For young athletes, these setbacks can disrupt development and long-term potential (Advanced Bone and Joint, 2021).

References
Advanced Bone and Joint. (2021, May 7). Winning the injury recovery race: Effects of sports injuries on athletes. https://www.advancedboneandjoint.com/2021/05/07/winning-the-injury-recovery-race-effects-of-sports-injuries-on-athletes/
Cedar Park Chiropractic. (n.d.). Chiropractic car accident treatment. https://cedarparkchiro.com/chiropractic-car-accident-treatment/
El Paso Back Clinic. (n.d.). Sciatica pain treatment El Paso, TX. https://elpasobackclinic.com/sciatica-pain-treatment/
Freedom Physical Therapy. (n.d.). Physiotherapy for sports injuries. https://freedomphysicaltherapy.ca/physiotherapy-for-sports-injuries/
Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/
Lakeside Sports Chiropractic. (n.d.). Benefits of pediatric chiropractic care for young athletes. https://lakesidesportschiro.com/benefits-of-pediatric-chiropractic-care-for-young-athletes/
Miami Chiropractors. (n.d.). Injury rehabilitation: The role of chiropractic care in sport recovery. https://www.miami-chiropractors.com/injury-rehabilitation-the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sport-recovery/
Texas Medical Institute. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic care in sports injury recovery. https://www.texasmedicalinstitute.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sports-injury-recovery/
The Florida Law Group. (2023, July). The emotional impact of car accidents: Coping and healing. https://www.thefloridalawgroup.com/blog/2023/july/the-emotional-impact-of-car-accidents-coping-and/
Universidad Europea. (n.d.). Psychology of sport injuries. https://universidadeuropea.com/en/blog/psychology-sport-injuries/

The Pivotal Role of Nurse Practitioners in Recovery

Comprehensive Medical Management

Nurse practitioners are uniquely positioned to lead MVA recovery due to their advanced training in medical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Their contributions include:

  • Thorough Assessments: NPs utilize diagnostic tools such as blood panels, X-rays, and MRIs to identify injuries and underlying health issues (Correll Firm, n.d.).
  • Personalized Treatment Plans: They develop evidence-based plans that incorporate medications, physical therapy referrals, and lifestyle changes (ChiroMed, n.d.).
  • Coordination of Care: NPs collaborate with chiropractors, acupuncturists, and specialists to ensure a cohesive recovery strategy (Correll Firm, n.d.).
  • Patient Education: They guide athletes on nutrition, stress management, and injury prevention, empowering long-term health (ChiroMed, n.d.).

NPs’ holistic perspective ensures that both physical and psychological needs are addressed, which is critical for athletes aiming to return to peak performance.

Benefits for Athletes

NPs offer athletes:

  • Accurate Diagnoses: Comprehensive evaluations prevent missed injuries, ensuring targeted treatment (Correll Firm, n.d.).
  • Holistic Care: NPs address pain, mental health, and systemic issues, promoting overall wellness (ChiroMed, n.d.).
  • Faster Recovery: Coordinated care and timely interventions accelerate healing, reducing downtime (Jimenez, 2025).
  • Preventive Strategies: Education on lifestyle changes minimizes the risk of re-injury (Texas Medical Institute, n.d.).

Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Nursing Expertise

Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a board-certified chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, exemplifies nursing-led care. With over 25 years of experience, he utilizes advanced imaging techniques, blood panels, and dual-scope procedures to diagnose MVA-related injuries accurately. His clinical observations highlight the connection between biomechanical injuries and systemic health, underscoring the need for comprehensive medical interventions (Jimenez, n.d., dralexjimenez.com). As an NP, he prescribes treatments, coordinates multidisciplinary care, and provides detailed documentation for personal injury cases, ensuring athletes receive both clinical and legal support (ChiroMed, n.d.).

References
ChiroMed. (n.d.). Chiropractic and nurse practitioner for injury recovery. https://chiromed.com/chiropractic-and-nurse-practitioner-for-injury-recovery/
Correll Firm. (n.d.). What types of medical professionals treat car accident injuries?. https://correllfirm.com/blog/%EF%BF%BCwhat-types-of-medical-professionals-treat-car-accident-injuries/
Jimenez, A. (n.d.). Clinical observations. https://dralexjimenez.com/
Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/
Texas Medical Institute. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic care in sports injury recovery. https://www.texasmedicalinstitute.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sports-injury-recovery/

Chiropractic Care as a Complementary Therapy

Supporting NP-Led Care

Chiropractic care complements nursing by addressing biomechanical issues that may impact overall health and well-being. Chiropractors use:

  • Spinal Adjustments: These correct misalignments, reducing nerve irritation and improving mobility (Cedar Park Chiropractic, n.d.).
  • Soft Tissue Therapy: Techniques such as myofascial release help alleviate muscle tension (Dr. Luban, n.d.).
  • Rehabilitation Exercises: Customized plans strengthen muscles and enhance flexibility (Miami Chiropractors, n.d.).

NPs often refer athletes to chiropractors to enhance pain relief and mobility, creating a synergistic recovery plan (ChiroMed, n.d.).

Benefits for Athletes

Chiropractic care provides:

  • Pain Reduction: Non-invasive techniques alleviate back and neck pain (Cedar Park Chiropractic, n.d.).
  • Improved Function: Adjustments restore joint mobility, critical for athletic performance (Miami Chiropractors, n.d.).
  • Faster Healing: Enhanced blood flow supports tissue repair (Dr. Luban, n.d.).

Dr. Jimenez integrates chiropractic care into his NP-led practice, ensuring athletes benefit from both medical and biomechanical interventions (Jimenez, 2025).

References
Cedar Park Chiropractic. (n.d.). Chiropractic car accident treatment. https://cedarparkchiro.com/chiropractic-car-accident-treatment/
ChiroMed. (n.d.). Chiropractic and nurse practitioner for injury recovery. https://chiromed.com/chiropractic-and-nurse-practitioner-for-injury-recovery/
Dr. Luban. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic in sports performance and injury prevention. https://drluban.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-in-sports-performance-and-injury-prevention/
Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/
Miami Chiropractors. (n.d.). Injury rehabilitation: The role of chiropractic care in sport recovery. https://www.miami-chiropractors.com/injury-rehabilitation-the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sport-recovery/

Acupuncture in NP-Coordinated Recovery

Enhancing Healing

Acupuncture, often coordinated by NPs, involves inserting needles to stimulate healing. It helps by:

  • Reducing Pain: Endorphin release alleviates musculoskeletal pain (Governors Park Chiropractic, n.d.).
  • Decreasing Inflammation: Improved blood flow reduces swelling (ET Sport Med, n.d.).
  • Relieving Stress: Acupuncture calms the nervous system, addressing anxiety and PTSD (Forest Park Wellness, n.d.).
  • Improving Mobility: Relaxed muscles enhance joint function (Kinect Physiotherapy, n.d.).

NPs may recommend acupuncture to complement medical treatments, enhancing overall recovery (ChiroMed, n.d.).

Benefits for Athletes

Acupuncture offers:

  • Natural Pain Relief: It avoids medication side effects (Doctor LeBlanc, n.d.).
  • Emotional Support: Stress reduction aids mental recovery (Forest Park Wellness, n.d.).
  • Enhanced Performance: Improved mobility supports athletic function (ET Sport Med, n.d.).

Dr. Jimenez incorporates acupuncture into his NP-led plans, ensuring a comprehensive approach (Jimenez, 2025).

References
Doctor LeBlanc. (n.d.). Acupuncture for car accident injuries. https://www.doctorleblanc.com/acupuncture-for-car-accident-injuries/
ET Sport Med. (n.d.). Enhancing athletic performance and recovery with acupuncture treatment. https://www.etsportmed.com/blog/enhancing-athletic-performance-and-recovery-with-acupuncture-treatment/
Forest Park Wellness. (n.d.). The healing power of acupuncture after an auto accident. https://forestparkwellness.com/the-healing-power-of-acupuncture-after-an-auto-accident/
Governors Park Chiropractic. (n.d.). Acupuncture: Treating car accident injuries. https://governorsparkchiropractic.com/acupuncture-treating-car-accident-injuries/
Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/
Kinect Physiotherapy. (n.d.). Acupuncture in physiotherapy. https://kinectphysio.com.au/acupuncture-in-physiotherapy/

Integrative Medicine in Nursing-Led Care

Holistic Recovery

Integrative medicine, often led by NPs, combines conventional and complementary therapies. Key components include:

  • Nutrition: Anti-inflammatory diets support tissue repair (Jimenez, 2025).
  • Health Coaching: NPs guide athletes on stress management and sleep (ChiroMed, n.d.).
  • Functional Medicine: Addressing metabolic imbalances promotes wellness (Jimenez, n.d., dralexjimenez.com).

NPs oversee these elements, ensuring a unified approach to patient care and healing.

Benefits for Athletes

Integrative medicine provides:

  • Root Cause Treatment: It addresses underlying issues, not just symptoms (Jimenez, 2025).
  • Long-Term Wellness: Lifestyle Changes Enhance Resilience (Miami Chiropractors, n.d.).
  • Reduced Medication Use: Holistic therapies minimize side effects (Texas Medical Institute, n.d.).

Dr. Jimenez’s NP training allows him to integrate nutrition and functional medicine, creating personalized recovery plans (Jimenez, n.d., LinkedIn).

References
ChiroMed. (n.d.). Chiropractic and nurse practitioner for injury recovery. https://chiromed.com/chiropractic-and-nurse-practitioner-for-injury-recovery/
Jimenez, A. (n.d.). Clinical observations. https://dralexjimenez.com/
Jimenez, A. (n.d.). LinkedIn profile. https://www.linkedin.com/in/dralexjimenez/
Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/
Miami Chiropractors. (n.d.). Injury rehabilitation: The role of chiropractic care in sport recovery. https://www.miami-chiropractors.com/injury-rehabilitation-the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sport-recovery/
Texas Medical Institute. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic care in sports injury recovery. https://www.texasmedicalinstitute.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sports-injury-recovery/

Legal Documentation in Personal Injury Cases

Importance of NP Documentation

Accurate documentation is vital for personal injury claims, including:

  • Medical Records: NPs provide detailed reports of diagnoses and treatments (ChiroMed, n.d.).
  • Diagnostic Evidence: Imaging and lab results validate injuries (Jimenez, n.d., dralexjimenez.com).
  • Treatment Plans: Comprehensive plans justify ongoing care (Correll Firm, n.d.).

Dr. Jimenez’s Dual Expertise

Dr. Jimenez’s NP licensure ensures precise medical documentation, while his chiropractic knowledge helps link injuries to their biomechanical causes. His reports, supported by enhanced imaging and dual-scope procedures, strengthen legal claims, making him a key asset in personal injury cases (ChiroMed, n.d.; Jimenez, n.d., LinkedIn).

References
ChiroMed. (n.d.). Chiropractic and nurse practitioner for injury recovery. https://chiromed.com/chiropractic-and-nurse-practitioner-for-injury-recovery/
Correll Firm. (n.d.). What types of medical professionals treat car accident injuries?. https://correllfirm.com/blog/%EF%BF%BCwhat-types-of-medical-professionals-treat-car-accident-injuries/
Jimenez, A. (n.d.). Clinical observations. https://dralexjimenez.com/
Jimenez, A. (n.d.). LinkedIn profile. https://www.linkedin.com/in/dralexjimenez/

Conclusion

Nurse practitioners play a central role in helping athletes recover from MVAs, providing comprehensive medical care, coordinating complementary therapies such as chiropractic and acupuncture, and offering critical legal documentation. Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s dual expertise as an NP and chiropractor in El Paso, Texas, exemplifies this approach, ensuring athletes receive holistic care that restores their physical and mental health. Through nursing-led integrative medicine, athletes can overcome MVA challenges and return to their sport stronger than ever.

References

Advanced Bone and Joint. (2021, May 7). Winning the injury recovery race: Effects of sports injuries on athletes. https://www.advancedboneandjoint.com/2021/05/07/winning-the-injury-recovery-race-effects-of-sports-injuries-on-athletes/

Cedar Park Chiropractic. (n.d.). Chiropractic car accident treatment. https://cedarparkchiro.com/chiropractic-car-accident-treatment/

ChiroMed. (n.d.). Chiropractic and nurse practitioner for injury recovery. https://chiromed.com/chiropractic-and-nurse-practitioner-for-injury-recovery/

Correll Firm. (n.d.). What types of medical professionals treat car accident injuries?. https://correllfirm.com/blog/%EF%BF%BCwhat-types-of-medical-professionals-treat-car-accident-injuries/

Doctor LeBlanc. (n.d.). Acupuncture for car accident injuries. https://www.doctorleblanc.com/acupuncture-for-car-accident-injuries/

Dr. Luban. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic in sports performance and injury prevention. https://drluban.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-in-sports-performance-and-injury-prevention/

El Paso Back Clinic. (n.d.). Sciatica pain treatment El Paso, TX. https://elpasobackclinic.com/sciatica-pain-treatment/

ET Sport Med. (n.d.). Enhancing athletic performance and recovery with acupuncture treatment. https://www.etsportmed.com/blog/enhancing-athletic-performance-and-recovery-with-acupuncture-treatment/

Forest Park Wellness. (n.d.). The healing power of acupuncture after an auto accident. https://forestparkwellness.com/the-healing-power-of-acupuncture-after-an-auto-accident/

Freedom Physical Therapy. (n.d.). Physiotherapy for sports injuries. https://freedomphysicaltherapy.ca/physiotherapy-for-sports-injuries/

Governors Park Chiropractic. (n.d.). Acupuncture: Treating car accident injuries. https://governorsparkchiropractic.com/acupuncture-treating-car-accident-injuries/

Jimenez, A. (n.d.). Clinical observations. https://dralexjimenez.com/

Jimenez, A. (n.d.). LinkedIn profile. https://www.linkedin.com/in/dralexjimenez/

Jimenez, A. (2025, June 18). Car accident recovery with chiropractic and sports therapy. https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2025/06/18/car-accident-recovery-with-chiropractic-and-sports-therapy/

Kinect Physiotherapy. (n.d.). Acupuncture in physiotherapy. https://kinectphysio.com.au/acupuncture-in-physiotherapy/

Lakeside Sports Chiropractic. (n.d.). Benefits of pediatric chiropractic care for young athletes. https://lakesidesportschiro.com/benefits-of-pediatric-chiropractic-care-for-young-athletes/

Miami Chiropractors. (n.d.). Injury rehabilitation: The role of chiropractic care in sport recovery. https://www.miami-chiropractors.com/injury-rehabilitation-the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sport-recovery/

Texas Medical Institute. (n.d.). The role of chiropractic care in sports injury recovery. https://www.texasmedicalinstitute.com/the-role-of-chiropractic-care-in-sports-injury-recovery/

The Florida Law Group. (2023, July). The emotional impact of car accidents: Coping and healing. https://www.thefloridalawgroup.com/blog/2023/july/the-emotional-impact-of-car-accidents-coping-and/

Universidad Europea. (n.d.). Psychology of sport injuries. https://universidadeuropea.com/en/blog/psychology-sport-injuries/

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Athletes, Sleep Hygiene , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The Importance of Sleep for Athletes: Maximizing Performance

Athletic individuals must train regularly, eat healthy, and rest properly to recover and perform their best. Is sleep different for athletes?

Athletes and Sleep

Physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise increases longevity and can also reduce the risk of anxiety and depression and improve sleep (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024). When one area is lacking for athletes, overall performance can suffer. Evidence shows that more or extended sleep can benefit athletes and their recovery and performance. (Bird, Stephen P. 2013) Recommendations for athletes range between seven and nine hours nightly, and elite athletes are encouraged to get at least nine hours of sleep nightly and to treat sleep as much as athletic training and diet.

Sleep is essential for overall health and well-being for both athletes and non-athletes. Everyone needs sleep to feel restored and function their best daily. (Richard J. Schwab, 2024) Other physical benefits include:

Cardiovascular Recovery

This allows the heart to rest and cells and tissue to be repaired. (MedlinePlus, 2017) This can help the body recover after physical exertion. As an individual progresses through the stages of sleep, the changes in heart rate and breathing throughout the night promote cardiovascular health (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011)

Illness Prevention 

The proper amount of sleep helps the body recover from illness. During sleep, the body produces cytokines/hormones that help the immune system fight off infections. These therapeutic effects are important for an athlete’s recovery and performance.

Lack of Sleep Affects Performance

Poor quality and quantity of sleep can lead to several negative effects. Sleep deprivation reduces the ability to react quickly and think clearly. A lack of sleep also increases irritability and risk for anxiety and depression. Sleep-deprived individuals are more likely to make poor decisions and take unnecessary risks. From a physical standpoint, a lack of sleep increases the risk for medical concerns, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and stroke. When athletes do not receive adequate sleep, it can:

Inhibit Ability

  • In a study of sleep-deprived male team athletes, average and total sprint times decreased. (Skein, M. et al., 2011)

Decrease Accuracy

  • In a study, male and female sleep-deprived tennis players had decreased serve accuracy by up to 53% compared to performance after normal sleep. (Reyner L. A. & Horne J. A. 2013)

Cause Quicker Exhaustion

  • A study of male runners and volleyball players found that both athletes exhausted faster after sleep deprivation. (Azboy O. & Kaygisiz Z. 2009)

Decrease Reaction Time

Difficulty Learning and Decision Making

  • A lack of sleep negatively impacts cognitive skills and functions.
  • Athletes can become distracted, and decisions like passing the ball or going for the smash can be difficult or made too late.

Increases Risk of Injury

  • Research on middle—and high-school athletes showed that chronic lack of sleep was associated with increased rates of injury. (Milewski M. D. et al., 2014)

Increases The Risk of Illness or Immunosuppression

Athletic Sleep Hygiene

Common components to sleep well include:

Avoid alcohol and Caffeine

  • Before bedtime, these can interrupt sleep or lead to more disturbed sleep.

Have a Wind-Down Routine

  • Activities such as reading, bathing, or meditating can help the body relax and get ready for sleep.

Reduce Stressors

  • Not only do mental stressors affect sleep quality, but they also impact performance overall.

Create an Optimal Sleep Environment

  • A sleeping space should be dark and cool with little to no noise.
  • The environment should be used only for sleep and sex.

No Electronics Before Bed

  • This includes TVs, cell phones, and computers.
  • The blue light that these devices emit can affect circadian rhythm.

Don’t Stay Awake In Bed

  • If you can’t fall asleep after 20 minutes of trying, get out of bed.
  • Do a quiet activity in another space until you feel sleepy.

Avoid Overtraining

  • Keep a consistent training schedule so as not to overexert yourself.

Quick Naps

  • Keep naps brief. Naps should be longer than an hour and not after 3 p.m.

Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic

The right bed and mattress contribute to overall health and can improve one’s quality of life. Doctor Alexander Jimenez, DC, at Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic, says a healthy mattress can improve sleep, reduce pain, increase energy levels, and elevate mood. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, prevent injury, and help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.

Lumbar Spine Injuries In Athletes

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Benefits of Physical Activity. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm

Bird, Stephen P. PhD. (2013). Sleep, Recovery, and Athletic Performance: A Brief Review and Recommendations. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(5), 43-47. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182a62e2f

Schwab, R. J. (2024). Overview of Sleep. Merck Manual Consumer Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/sleep-disorders/overview-of-sleep

National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus. (2017). Healthy Sleep Also called: Sleep Hygeine. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/healthysleep.html

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2011). Your guide to healthy sleep. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/your-guide-healthy-sleep

Skein, M., Duffield, R., Edge, J., Short, M. J., & Mündel, T. (2011). Intermittent-sprint performance and muscle glycogen after 30 h of sleep deprivation. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(7), 1301–1311. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820abc5a

Reyner, L. A., & Horne, J. A. (2013). Sleep restriction and serving accuracy in performance tennis players, and effects of caffeine. Physiology & behavior, 120, 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.002

Azboy, O., & Kaygisiz, Z. (2009). Effects of sleep deprivation on cardiorespiratory functions of the runners and volleyball players during rest and exercise. Acta physiologica Hungarica, 96(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.96.2009.1.3

Taheri, M., & Arabameri, E. (2012). The effect of sleep deprivation on choice reaction time and anaerobic power of college student athletes. Asian journal of sports medicine, 3(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34719

Milewski, M. D., Skaggs, D. L., Bishop, G. A., Pace, J. L., Ibrahim, D. A., Wren, T. A., & Barzdukas, A. (2014). Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. Journal of pediatric orthopedics, 34(2), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000151

Prather, A. A., Janicki-Deverts, D., Hall, M. H., & Cohen, S. (2015). Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold. Sleep, 38(9), 1353–1359. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4968