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Category: Therapy

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By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Acupuncture, Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, Electroacupuncture, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Functional Medicine and Chiropractic Care: A Holistic Approach to Motor Vehicle Accident Recovery

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) can have profound physical and emotional consequences, often resulting in indirect trauma, back and neck pain, and even intestinal damage. These injuries, if left unaddressed, may lead to chronic musculoskeletal pain and systemic health issues. Functional medicine and chiropractic care, particularly through the expertise of professionals like Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, offer a holistic and individualized approach to recovery. By targeting the root causes of injuries and promoting overall well-being, these modalities provide comprehensive healing strategies. This blog post examines the impact of MVAs, the role of functional medicine and chiropractic care in recovery, and Dr. Jimenez’s clinical approach in El Paso, Texas, which is supported by advanced diagnostics and evidence-based practices.

Understanding the Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents

MVAs are a leading cause of injury worldwide, contributing to over 40% of spinal injuries annually. The trauma from these incidents can manifest as direct injuries, such as fractures or whiplash, and indirect issues, including chronic pain, emotional distress, and gastrointestinal disturbances. The complexity of MVA-related injuries necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to address both immediate symptoms and long-term health consequences.

Indirect Trauma from MVAs

Indirect trauma refers to injuries that are not immediately visible but develop over time due to biomechanical stress or systemic imbalances. For instance, the sudden jolt of a collision can misalign the spine, leading to subluxations that cause nerve irritation and muscle tension. These misalignments may not cause immediate pain but can contribute to chronic conditions like sciatica or fibromyalgia if left untreated.

Back and Neck Pain

Back and neck pain are among the most common complaints following MVAs, often resulting from whiplash or soft tissue injuries. Whiplash, caused by rapid acceleration and deceleration, irritates the muscles, tendons, and nerves in the cervical spine, leading to symptoms such as stiffness, headaches, and reduced range of motion. If untreated, these injuries can progress to chronic pain syndromes, affecting daily activities and quality of life.

Intestinal Damage and Gut Health

MVAs can also disrupt gut health, an often-overlooked consequence of trauma. The stress response triggered by an accident increases cortisol levels, which can alter gut microbiota and impair digestion. (Jimenez, 2025) Even without direct abdominal impact, the nervous system’s dysregulation can lead to conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or leaky gut syndrome. Jimenez, 2025. Functional medicine addresses these issues by restoring gut integrity through a combination of nutrition and stress management.

Emotional and Psychological Impact

The emotional toll of MVAs, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or anxiety, can exacerbate physical symptoms. Emotional distress may manifest as muscle tension or heightened pain perception, creating a feedback loop that hinders recovery. Visionary Law Group, n.d. Addressing both physical and emotional aspects is critical for holistic healing.

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The Role of Functional Medicine in MVA Recovery

Functional medicine takes a systems-based approach, focusing on identifying and addressing the root causes of health issues rather than merely treating symptoms (Premier Functional Medicine, n.d.). For MVA victims, this means personalized treatment plans that integrate nutrition, stress management, and targeted therapies to restore balance across the body’s systems.

Addressing Root Causes

Functional medicine practitioners use comprehensive assessments, including blood panels and functional movement screens, to identify underlying dysfunctions such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and nutritional deficiencies. A diet high in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, for instance, can help reduce the chronic inflammation brought on by soft tissue injuries. Health Coach Clinic, n.d.

Nutritional Support for Healing

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in recovery, as healing is an energy-intensive process. Functional medicine emphasizes the consumption of nutrient-dense foods to support tissue repair and reduce fatigue. Key recommendations include:

  • Protein: Essential for muscle and tissue repair, found in lean meats, fish, and legumes.
  • Antioxidants, found in berries, leafy greens, and nuts, help combat oxidative stress caused by trauma.
  • Probiotics: Support gut health and address MVA-related dysbiosis. Jimenez, 2025.

Stress Management and Nervous System Regulation

The autonomic nervous system, often dysregulated after MVAs, can perpetuate pain and digestive issues. Functional medicine utilizes techniques such as mindfulness, biofeedback, and adaptogenic herbs to rebalance the nervous system, thereby reducing cortisol levels and promoting relaxation. Pacific Natural Medicine, n.d.

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Chiropractic Care: Restoring Musculoskeletal Function

Chiropractic care complements functional medicine by addressing biomechanical issues, particularly spinal misalignments and soft tissue injuries. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a dual-licensed chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, is renowned for his expertise in treating MVA victims.

Spinal Adjustments

Chiropractic adjustments use quick, gentle thrusts to correct spinal misalignments, which helps alleviate nerve issues and enhance mobility. These adjustments are particularly effective for relieving neck and back pain, with studies showing that chiropractic care reduces the need for opioids and invasive procedures.

Soft Tissue Therapy

Manual therapies, such as massage and myofascial release, target muscle tension and scar tissue, promoting pain relief and improved range of motion. RX Wellness, n.d. These techniques are integral to Dr. Jimenez’s approach, ensuring comprehensive musculoskeletal recovery.

Functional Rehabilitation

Chiropractic care extends beyond adjustments to include functional rehabilitation programs. These programs incorporate strength training, flexibility exercises, and proprioceptive training to prevent re-injury and enhance performance.

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Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Clinical Approach in El Paso

Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s dual licensure as a chiropractor and nurse practitioner uniquely positions him to bridge medical diagnostics with holistic care. His clinic, Injury Medical & Chiropractic Center, is a leading destination for MVA recovery in El Paso, emphasizing advanced diagnostics and personalized treatment plans.

Advanced Imaging and Diagnostics

Dr. Jimenez utilizes advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and CT scans, to accurately diagnose soft tissue and spinal injuries. These tools correlate symptoms with objective findings, aiding in treatment planning and legal documentation for personal injury cases. Electromyography (EMG) and neurologic exams further assess nerve injuries, providing a comprehensive diagnostic picture. Jimenez, n.d.

Dual-Scope Procedures

As a nurse practitioner, Dr. Jimenez employs evidence-based medicine to address systemic issues, such as hormonal imbalances or metabolic dysfunctions, while his chiropractic expertise focuses on biomechanical corrections. This dual-scope approach ensures that both symptoms and root causes are addressed, thereby enhancing recovery outcomes.

Legal Documentation

In personal injury cases, Dr. Jimenez’s detailed assessments and imaging provide critical evidence for attorneys and insurance companies. His detailed questionnaires for auto accident injuries capture the mechanism of injury and biomechanics, ensuring accurate treatment and robust legal support.

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Holistic Recovery Strategies

Holistic recovery from MVAs involves integrating multiple modalities to address physical, emotional, and systemic health. Dr. Jimenez’s approach exemplifies this by combining chiropractic care, functional medicine, and collaborative care with specialists.

Collaborative Care

Dr. Jimenez collaborates with orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, and nutritionists to provide seamless care. For severe injuries, such as fractures or dislocations, he coordinates with specialists to ensure proper healing and rehabilitation.

Long-Term Wellness

Functional medicine promotes long-term wellness by addressing lifestyle factors, such as diet, exercise, and stress management. Conditioning programs tailored for athletes or active individuals enhance mobility and help prevent reinjury.

Patient Education

Dr. Jimenez empowers patients through education, offering resources on spinal health, nutrition, and stress management via his website, www.dralexjimenez.com. Patient testimonials highlight the transformative impact of his care, particularly for chronic pain and sports injuries.

The Progression of Musculoskeletal Joint Pain

Untreated MVA injuries can lead to progressive musculoskeletal joint pain, including conditions like osteoarthritis or degenerative disc disease. Chronic inflammation and biomechanical stress exacerbate joint wear and tear, thereby reducing mobility and quality of life. Functional medicine and chiropractic care mitigate these risks by addressing inflammation and restoring joint function early in the recovery process.

Conclusion

Motor vehicle accidents can cause a cascade of physical and emotional challenges, from back and neck pain to gut health issues and chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Functional medicine and chiropractic care, as exemplified by Dr. Alexander Jimenez in El Paso, offer a holistic and effective approach to recovery. By integrating advanced diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and collaborative care, these modalities address the root causes of injuries and promote long-term wellness. For MVA victims, seeking care from a dual-licensed practitioner like Dr. Jimenez ensures comprehensive healing and robust support for personal injury cases.

References

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, Gut Health, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The Hidden Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents on Gut Health: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are more than just a momentary disruption—they can have far-reaching effects on your health, particularly your gut. While the immediate concern after a car crash often centers on visible injuries like broken bones or whiplash, the impact on your digestive system and overall gut health can be profound and frequently overlooked. From physical trauma to the belly to the stress and medications that follow, MVAs can disrupt the delicate balance of your gut-brain axis, leading to abdominal pain, internal hemorrhaging, and long-term gastrointestinal issues. This blog post examines the impact of MVAs on gut health, drawing on clinical insights from Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a renowned chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, as well as other credible sources. We’ll also discuss the connection to musculoskeletal pain, the role of advanced diagnostics, and the importance of seeking timely medical and legal support.

How Motor Vehicle Accidents Affect Gut Health

Physical Trauma to the Abdomen

One of the most direct ways an MVA can impact gut health is through physical trauma to the abdomen. The force of a collision, especially in high-velocity accidents, can cause blunt or penetrating injuries to the digestive organs. Blunt trauma, such as from a seatbelt or steering wheel, may lead to internal hemorrhaging, organ rupture, or damage to the intestines (MDSearchlight, n.d.). Although less common, penetrating injuries can occur when sharp objects puncture the abdominal cavity, which may lead to severe complications such as peritonitis or sepsis.

Immediate symptoms of abdominal trauma may include sharp pain, bruising, or swelling, but some injuries manifest hours or days later. Delayed stomach pain after a car accident is a concerning symptom that could indicate internal bleeding, organ damage, or a hematoma (AICA Orthopedics, 2024). For example, a bruised liver or spleen may not cause noticeable symptoms right away but can lead to life-threatening complications if untreated. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a board-certified chiropractor and nurse practitioner, emphasizes the importance of thorough medical evaluations following an accident to rule out potential injuries. (Jimenez, 2025).

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Stress and the Gut-Brain Axis

The emotional toll of an MVA can be just as damaging to gut health as physical injuries. The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the brain and the gastrointestinal system, is highly sensitive to stress and trauma (Khiron Clinics, n.d.). The shock, fear, and anxiety following a car accident can trigger a stress response, releasing cortisol and other stress hormones that disrupt gut motility, increase inflammation, and alter the gut microbiota.

Chronic stress from an MVA, especially if it leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can exacerbate gastrointestinal issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, or diarrhea (Janicek Law, n.d.). Dr. Jimenez notes that stress-related gut disturbances are common among his patients in El Paso, where he uses functional medicine to address these issues through nutrition and stress management protocols (Jimenez, 2025).

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Adverse Effects of Medications

Post-accident treatment often involves medications like painkillers, anti-inflammatories, or antibiotics, which can have significant side effects on the gut. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly prescribed for pain, can irritate the stomach lining, leading to ulcers, gastritis, or bleeding (Gastroenterology Advisor, 2024). Opioids, used for severe pain, can slow gut motility, causing constipation or even opioid-induced bowel dysfunction.

Antibiotics, sometimes administered to prevent infection after surgery or injury, can disrupt the gut microbiota, reducing beneficial bacteria and increasing the risk of conditions like Clostridium difficile infection (PMC, 2018). Dr. Jimenez advocates for nutritional interventions to restore gut flora and minimize medication-related damage, integrating probiotics and anti-inflammatory diets into his treatment plans (Jimenez, 2025).

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The Connection to Musculoskeletal Pain

MVAs are a leading cause of musculoskeletal injuries, particularly to the back and neck. Whiplash, herniated discs, and soft tissue damage are common, and these injuries can indirectly affect gut health through viscerosomatic reflexes, where pain in one part of the body influences another (Jimenez, 2025). For instance, chronic back pain can alter posture and muscle tension, impacting abdominal organs and contributing to digestive issues.

Dr. Jimenez’s dual expertise as a chiropractor and nurse practitioner allows him to address both the musculoskeletal and systemic effects of MVAs. His clinic in El Paso uses spinal adjustments, functional strength training, and advanced diagnostics to restore mobility and reduce pain, which in turn supports gut health by alleviating stress and improving nerve function (Jimenez, 2025). Patients with neck or back pain often report secondary symptoms like nausea or bloating, underscoring the interconnectedness of these systems.

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Traumatic Brain Injury and Gut Health

In severe MVAs, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can further complicate gut health. TBIs disrupt the connection between the gut and the brain by altering how nerves transmit signals, which can upset the balance of gut bacteria and increase gut permeability, often referred to as a “leaky gut.” This can cause systemic inflammation, worsening digestive symptoms, and potentially contribute to mental health issues like anxiety or depression.

Dr. Jimenez’s integrative approach includes assessing neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms in TBI patients, using blood panels and imaging to identify underlying dysfunctions (Jimenez, 2025). By addressing both the brain and gut, he helps patients achieve comprehensive recovery.

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Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Approach in El Paso

Clinical Rationale and Advanced Diagnostics

Dr. Alexander Jimenez, based in El Paso, Texas, is a leading expert in treating MVA victims, combining chiropractic care with nurse practitioner-driven medical management. His clinic, Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic, utilizes advanced imaging techniques (such as X-rays and MRIs) and dual-scope procedures (combining musculoskeletal and systemic assessments) to accurately diagnose injuries. (Jimenez, 2025). These tools are critical for identifying hidden injuries, such as internal hemorrhaging or subtle spinal misalignments, that may contribute to gut issues.

His diagnostic assessments, including the Living Matrix Functional Medicine Assessment, help uncover the root causes of health problems, from biomechanical misalignments to metabolic imbalances (Jimenez, 2025). This comprehensive approach ensures that treatment plans address both immediate symptoms and long-term health.

Balancing Medical and Legal Needs

In personal injury cases, accurate documentation is crucial for legal claims. Dr. Jimenez’s detailed reports, supported by diagnostic evidence, provide the necessary medical records for insurance settlements and lawsuits (Jimenez, 2025). His dual licensure allows him to bridge the gap between clinical care and legal requirements, ensuring patients receive both effective treatment and fair compensation.

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What to Do If You Experience Stomach Pain After an MVA

If you experience stomach pain, diarrhea, or other digestive issues after a car accident, take these steps:

  1. Seek Immediate Medical Attention: Visit a healthcare provider to rule out serious injuries like internal bleeding or organ damage (Michigan Auto Law, n.d.).
  2. Document Symptoms: Keep a detailed record of your symptoms, including when they started and their severity, to support medical and legal claims.
  3. Consult a Specialist: A chiropractor, such as Dr. Jimenez, with expertise in MVAs, can provide non-invasive treatments to address both musculoskeletal and gut-related issues. (Chiropractor Snellville, n.d.).
  4. Consider Functional Medicine: Nutritional and stress management interventions can help restore gut health (The Barnes Firm, n.d.).
  5. Work with a Personal Injury Attorney: Legal support ensures you receive compensation for medical expenses and pain and suffering.

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Conclusion

Motor vehicle accidents can have a profound impact on gut health, affecting everything from physical digestion to mental well-being. Through physical trauma, stress, and medication side effects, MVAs disrupt the gut-brain axis and can lead to serious complications if not addressed. Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s integrative approach in El Paso, combining chiropractic care, functional medicine, and advanced diagnostics, offers a comprehensive solution for MVA victims. By addressing both the physical and systemic effects of these injuries, he helps patients recover fully while providing the documentation needed for legal claims. If you’ve been in a car accident, don’t ignore symptoms like stomach pain or digestive issues—seek medical attention promptly to protect your health and future.

References

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, Exercises, Physio, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , ,

The Power of Physical Therapy After Motor Vehicle Accidents: A Path to Healing and Recovery

Introduction: The Unseen Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) affect millions of people every year, and even minor collisions can lead to lasting musculoskeletal, neurological, and postural complications. These injuries may not always be immediately visible but can evolve into chronic pain, mobility limitations, and nerve damage if left untreated. Physical therapy plays a critical role in the rehabilitation process by targeting pain relief, restoring flexibility, strengthening weakened muscles, and preventing long-term damage. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, based in El Paso, Texas, is a leader in post-accident care, specializing in personalized, evidence-based physical therapy protocols that integrate chiropractic and medical strategies (Jimenez, n.d.).

Section 1: Understanding Common MVA Injuries

Car accidents can trigger a cascade of injuries, even at low speeds. These include:

  • Whiplash and cervical sprain/strain
  • Herniated or bulging spinal discs
  • Lumbar or thoracic spine injuries
  • Ligamentous instability
  • Sciatica or peripheral nerve impingement
  • Postural alterations like forward head posture or scoliosis

Research shows that ligamentous and joint injuries can impair spinal alignment and cause referred pain in the extremities (Gomez, 2024). Such trauma disrupts biomechanics and impairs daily function.

Section 2: Physical Therapy as a Non-Invasive Solution

Physical therapy is often the first line of treatment after an MVA due to its non-invasive nature. It helps:

  • Reduce inflammation
  • Rebuild muscle control
  • Restore normal movement
  • Address postural deficits
  • Improve circulation

Therapists employ targeted strategies, including manual therapy, active range-of-motion exercises, electrical stimulation, and cryotherapy, to address pain and restore normal function (Bay State Physical Therapy, 2023).

Section 3: Key Therapeutic Exercises Post-Accident

Post-MVA physical therapy typically includes:

  • Stretching: To ease muscle tightness from whiplash and disuse.
  • Aerobic conditioning: Walking or cycling to enhance endurance (Texas Physical Therapy Specialists, 2023).
  • Strengthening: Resistance exercises to reinforce spinal stability.
  • Range-of-motion: Gentle joint movement to regain flexibility.

These exercises prevent disuse atrophy and promote neuroplasticity, especially after neurological injuries.

Section 4: Modalities and Tools That Support Recovery

Along with exercise, therapists utilize:

  • Electrical stimulation
  • Ultrasound therapy
  • Heat and cold packs
  • Manual therapy (myofascial release, trigger point work)

Rocky Mountain Physical Therapy explains that these methods reduce pain, increase circulation, and prime tissues for movement (Rocky Mountain PT, 2023).

Section 5: The Importance of Individualized Therapy Plans

According to GA Spine & Orthopaedics, no two recovery plans are the same. Treatment plans are customized based on:

  • Injury location and severity
  • Pain tolerance
  • Medical history
  • Personal recovery goals

Therapists frequently re-evaluate progress and adjust treatment accordingly (GA Spine Ortho, 2024).

Section 6: Clinical Insight from Dr. Alexander Jimenez

Dr. Jimenez emphasizes that early intervention is crucial in preventing chronic pain syndromes. His integrative assessments involve:

  • Advanced imaging referrals (MRI, CT, digital motion X-ray)
  • Dual-scope evaluation combining chiropractic and medical frameworks
  • Neurological and orthopedic assessments
  • Legal documentation for personal injury claims

His clinic in El Paso is known for handling complex post-accident cases, where diagnostic clarity is essential to building a strong treatment and legal case (Jimenez, n.d.).

Section 7: How Physical Therapy Improves Long-Term Outcomes

Without rehabilitation, MVA injuries can lead to chronic complications like:

  • Fibromyalgia
  • Complex regional pain syndrome
  • Degenerative disc disease
  • Chronic postural dysfunction

Synergy Rehab notes that early physical therapy (PT) reduces the risk of long-term disability by restoring normal motion patterns and muscle coordination (Synergy Rehab, 2023).

Conclusion: Moving Forward with Confidence

Recovering from a motor vehicle accident is not just about healing physically—it’s about regaining confidence in your body and daily function. Physical therapy offers a tailored, evidence-based path toward recovery, minimizing chronic pain and restoring mobility. With expert providers like Dr. Alexander Jimenez, patients in El Paso have access to comprehensive, compassionate care that integrates clinical precision and legal understanding.

References

Bay State Physical Therapy. (2023). Motor vehicle accident injuries. https://baystatept.com/specialties-provided/motor-vehicle-accident-injuries/

Benchmark Physical Therapy. (2023). Conditions: Motor vehicle accident. https://www.benchmarkpt.com/conditions/motor-vehicle-accident/

Breakthrough Physical Therapy. (2023). Conditions: MVA-related injuries. https://breakthrough-pt.com/conditions/mva-related-injuries/

GA Spine & Orthopaedics. (2024). Physical therapy after a car accident. https://www.gaspineortho.com/physical-therapy-after-a-car-accident/

Gomez, J. (2024). Ligamentous injuries and spinal stability post-MVA. https://storage.googleapis.com/msgsndr/f7MqhebiCT4QYAjutsvR/media/67227299da17a583d1941479.pdf

Jimenez, A. (n.d.). El Paso chiropractic and functional medicine center. https://elpasochiropractic.com/

One Rehab. (2023). Physical therapy exercises after a car accident. https://onerehab.com/physical-therapy-exercises-after-a-car-accident/

Release Physical Therapy. (2023). Functional training. https://releasept.com/functional-training/

Rocky Mountain Physical Therapy. (2023). Conditions: Post-auto collision. https://rockymountain.urpt.com/conditions/post-auto-collision/

Sports Physical Therapy Centers. (2023). How to start exercising following a motor vehicle accident. https://sportsptcenters.com/how-to-start-exercising-following-a-motor-vehicle-accident/

Synergy Rehab. (2023). Physical therapy after auto accident. https://synergyrehabinc.com/physical-therapy-after-auto-accident/

Texas Physical Therapy Specialists. (2023). Motor vehicle accident care. https://texpts.com/primary-services/motor-vehicle-accident/

Apex Orthopedic & Sports Medicine. (2023). Physical therapy after a car accident. https://www.apexosn.com/physical-therapy-after-a-car-accident/

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, Therapy, Work Injury , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Mobility Impact, Injury Recovery, and Flexibility Issues in MVA Collisions

Understanding How Motor Vehicle Accidents Impact Mobility and Flexibility

Introduction

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a significant public health concern, affecting millions of people each year. In the United States, over three million individuals sustain injuries from MVAs annually, with many experiencing long-lasting effects on their mobility and flexibility (Novus Spine & Pain Center, 2025). In Texas alone, nearly 300,000 car accidents occur yearly, often resulting in injuries that impair daily activities (Jimenez, 2018). These injuries, ranging from soft tissue damage to severe spinal trauma, can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion, significantly impacting quality of life. This article examines the mechanisms by which MVAs lead to mobility and flexibility issues, the types of injuries involved, their long-term consequences, and effective treatment options. Additionally, we highlight the expertise of Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a renowned chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, who specializes in treating MVA victims and supporting their recovery and legal needs.

References

Common Injuries from Motor Vehicle Accidents

MVAs can result in a wide range of injuries, each with unique effects on mobility and flexibility. Below, we discuss the most common types, including soft tissue injuries, spinal injuries, joint damage, head and brain injuries, and psychological trauma.

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft tissue injuries, such as whiplash, are among the most frequent outcomes of MVAs. Whiplash occurs when the head is rapidly jerked forward and backward, straining the neck’s muscles and ligaments. This can lead to neck pain, muscle tightness, headaches, and difficulty turning the head, significantly limiting mobility (Jimenez, 2018). Approximately half of whiplash victims experience neck pain for at least one year post-accident, highlighting its long-term impact. Other soft tissue injuries, like sprains and strains to the back or shoulders, cause swelling and pain, further restricting movement (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.).

References

Spinal Injuries

Spinal injuries are a major concern in MVAs, accounting for nearly half of all spine-related injuries (Jimenez, 2018). The spine’s delicate structure is vulnerable to high-impact collisions, which can cause herniated discs, vertebral fractures, or spinal cord damage. A herniated disc occurs when an intervertebral disc is pushed out of its normal position, compressing nerves and causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs (Cox Law Firm, n.d.). Severe spinal cord injuries may result in partial or complete paralysis, drastically reducing mobility. Videofluoroscopy studies have shown high diagnostic accuracy for detecting vertebral instability in chronic post-whiplash pain, underscoring the prevalence of spinal issues after MVAs (MDPI, 2020).

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Joint Damage

Joint injuries, such as those to the knees, shoulders, or wrists, are common in MVAs due to the body’s impact against vehicle components. Knee injuries, ranging from bruises to meniscus tears, can limit walking and bending (Kraft Law, 2024). Shoulder injuries often occur when drivers brace against the steering wheel, locking the joint and reducing flexibility. These injuries may lead to chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, which causes joint stiffness and pain over time. (Sage Hill Physiotherapy, n.d.).

References

Head and Brain Injuries

Head injuries, including concussions, can affect physical function by causing dizziness, balance issues, and headaches. Concussions result from the brain’s impact against the skull during a crash, leading to symptoms that impair mobility (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.). These injuries may require rehabilitation to restore coordination and strength, as untreated concussions can prolong recovery.

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Psychological Trauma

Psychological trauma following an MVA, such as anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can indirectly affect mobility. Victims may avoid physical activity due to fear of reinjury or experience depression, reducing their willingness to engage in rehabilitation (Michigan Auto Law, 2025). This emotional response can exacerbate physical limitations, creating a cycle of reduced mobility and further impairing physical function.

References

Long-Term Effects and Chronic Conditions

MVA injuries can lead to chronic conditions that persist for years. Persistent pain from untreated injuries, such as whiplash or herniated discs, may affect areas like the neck, back, or limbs (Simply PT, n.d.). Joint injuries can progress to osteoarthritis, resulting in stiffness and a reduced range of motion. (Kitchel Law, n.d.). Spinal injuries may result in chronic pain or permanent mobility loss, with some requiring long-term care (LM Law, 2024). The progression of musculoskeletal joint pain is often linked to initial trauma, which reinforces the importance of early intervention.

ConditionCauseImpact on Mobility/Flexibility
Chronic Neck PainWhiplashLimits head movement, causes stiffness
OsteoarthritisJoint traumaReduces joint flexibility, causes pain
Chronic Back PainHerniated discsRestricts bending, lifting, and walking
ParalysisSpinal cord injurySevere loss of mobility, may require mobility aids

References

Treatment and Rehabilitation

Early intervention is crucial for restoring mobility and flexibility after a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Physical therapy reduces pain, improves strength, and enhances flexibility through techniques like massage, exercises, and manual manipulation (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.). Chiropractic care, including spinal adjustments, helps realign the spine and restore normal movement patterns. (Wall Family Chiropractic, 2024). Other treatments, such as acupuncture and nutrition counseling, may support recovery (Wellness for Warriors CT, n.d.).

References

Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Approach

Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, has over 20 years of experience treating motor vehicle accident (MVA) injuries (Jimenez, 2018). His clinic offers personalized rehabilitation for whiplash, spinal injuries, and soft tissue damage, using advanced imaging like videofluoroscopy to diagnose vertebral instability (Dr. Alex Jimenez, n.d.). Dr. Jimenez’s clinical rationale emphasizes the correlation between patient injuries and diagnostic assessments, ensuring the development of accurate treatment plans. His use of dual-scope procedures and detailed medical documentation supports both recovery and legal needs in personal injury cases, making him a trusted provider in El Paso (Chiromed, n.d.).

References

Conclusion

Motor vehicle accidents can have profound effects on mobility and flexibility, causing injuries like whiplash, herniated discs, and joint damage that may lead to chronic conditions. Early treatment through physical therapy, chiropractic care, and other modalities is essential to prevent long-term complications. Dr. Jimenez’s expertise in El Paso highlights the importance of advanced diagnostics and comprehensive care in restoring function and supporting legal claims. By seeking immediate medical attention, victims can improve their recovery and maintain their quality of life.

Key Citations

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, Physio, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Treatment of Nerve Injuries Resulting from Automobile Accidents

Nerve Injuries from Car Accidents: Causes, Treatment, and Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Expertise

Introduction

Car accidents happen in an instant, but their effects can last a lifetime. Among the many injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), nerve injuries are particularly common and can significantly impact daily life. Research suggests that over 25% of nerve injury cases result from car and truck accidents, with motorcycle crashes contributing to 32.5% of peripheral nerve injuries (Miller & Zois, 2024). These injuries often lead to peripheral neuropathy, a condition where nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are damaged, causing symptoms like pain, numbness, and weakness. In El Paso, TX, Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a chiropractor and board-certified nurse practitioner, stands out as a leading clinician helping victims recover from such injuries while supporting their personal injury cases. This comprehensive guide explores the medical causes of nerve injuries, their role in peripheral neuropathy, and how Dr. Jimenez’s unique approach aids recovery and legal processes.

References

  • Miller & Zois. (2024). Nerve injuries in auto accident lawsuits. Retrieved from Miller & Zois

Understanding Nerve Injuries

Nerves are the body’s communication network, transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts. Injuries to the nerves can disrupt this communication, leading to a range of symptoms. Nerve injuries from MVAs typically fall into three categories:

  • Compression: Nerves are pinched or pressed, often by swollen tissues or misaligned bones.
  • Stretching: Nerves are overstretched, as seen in whiplash injuries.
  • Severing: Nerves are partially or completely cut, often from severe trauma.

Peripheral neuropathy occurs when peripheral nerves—those outside the brain and spinal cord—are damaged. This condition can affect motor nerves (controlling movement), sensory nerves (responsible for sensation), or autonomic nerves (managing involuntary functions like heart rate). Symptoms vary depending on the nerve type affected, but common signs include pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness (Mayo Clinic, 2024).

Types of Nerve Injuries

TypeDescriptionCommon Symptoms
CompressionThe nerve is overstretched without tearingThe nerve is pinched by surrounding tissues
StretchingNerve is overstretched without tearingBurning sensation, weakness
SeveringNumbness, tingling, and sharp painLoss of function, severe pain, paralysis

References

  • Mayo Clinic. (2024). Peripheral nerve injuries: Symptoms and causes. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic

Causes of Nerve Injuries in MVAs

Car accidents subject the body to sudden, violent forces that can damage nerves in various ways. The following are the primary causes of nerve injuries in MVAs:

Whiplash

Whiplash, one of the most common MVA injuries, occurs when the head and neck are jerked forward and backward rapidly. This motion can overstretch nerves in the neck and shoulders, leading to inflammation and compression. Whiplash is a significant contributor to nerve injuries, often causing symptoms like neck pain, tingling in the arms, and headaches (AICA Orthopedics, 2021).

Direct Trauma

The impact of a car accident can cause direct trauma to nerves. For example, hitting a steering wheel or being struck by debris can crush or sever nerves. Blunt force trauma is a leading cause of nerve damage, particularly in high-impact collisions (Singleton Schreiber).

Secondary Injuries

After an accident, swelling, inflammation, or scar tissue can compress nerves, leading to delayed symptoms. Herniated discs or spinal misalignments can also exert pressure on nerve roots, leading to radiculopathy, a related condition characterized by nerve root irritation (Fletcher Law Office, 2023).

Common MVA Scenarios Leading to Nerve Injuries

ScenarioMechanism of InjuryPotential Nerve Damage
Rear-end collisionWhiplash from sudden neck movementCervical nerve stretching
Head-on collisionBlunt force trauma to chest or limbsPeripheral nerve compression
Rollover accidentBlunt force trauma to the chest or limbsSevere nerve severing or compression

References

  • AICA Orthopedics. (2021). Can you get nerve damage from a car accident? Retrieved from AICA Orthopedics
  • Singleton Schreiber. (n.d.). Nerve damage from car accidents in California. Retrieved from Singleton Schreiber
  • Fletcher Law Office. (2023). What is radiculopathy vs. neuropathy from a Texas car accident? Retrieved from Fletcher Law Office

Symptoms of Nerve Injuries

Nerve injuries present a wide range of symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the damage. Recognizing these signs early is crucial for seeking timely treatment.

Motor Nerve Damage

Motor nerves control muscle movement. Damage can lead to:

  • Muscle weakness or difficulty with tasks like gripping or walking.
  • Loss of coordination or balance.
  • In severe cases, paralysis (HM Attorneys, 2022).

Sensory Nerve Damage

Sensory nerves are responsible for detecting sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain. Symptoms include:

  • Numbness or tingling, often described as “pins and needles.”
  • Sharp, burning, or shooting pain radiating along nerve pathways.
  • Hypersensitivity to touch or temperature changes (Bensinger Legal).

Autonomic Nerve Damage

Autonomic nerves regulate involuntary functions. Damage may cause:

  • Irregular heart rate or blood pressure.
  • Digestive issues, such as nausea or constipation.
  • Excessive sweating or inability to sweat (The Russo Firm).

Common Symptoms by Nerve Type

Nerve TypeSymptoms
MotorWeakness, coordination loss, paralysis
SensoryNumbness, tingling, burning pain, hypersensitivity
AutonomicHeart rate changes, digestive issues, sweating abnormalities

Delayed Symptoms

Some nerve injuries may not be immediately apparent. Swelling or scar tissue can develop days or weeks after an accident, leading to symptoms that worsen over time. This underscores the importance of medical evaluation even if you feel fine initially (Houston Pain Specialists).

References

  • HM Attorneys. (2022). Can a car accident cause nerve damage? Retrieved from HM Attorneys
  • Bensinger Legal. (n.d.). Signs of nerve damage after a car accident. Retrieved from Bensinger Legal
  • The Russo Firm. (n.d.). Neurological issues caused by car accidents. Retrieved from The Russo Firm
  • Houston Pain Specialists. (n.d.). Why some auto accident injuries lead to chronic nerve pain. Retrieved from Houston Pain Specialists

Diagnosis of Nerve Injuries

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Doctors use a combination of physical examinations, imaging techniques, and specialized tests to diagnose nerve injuries.

Physical Examination

A doctor will:

  • Test reflexes using a reflex hammer to check for hyporeflexia (reduced reflexes) or hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes).
  • Assess sensation using tools such as a pinprick or cotton swab to detect sensory abnormalities.
  • Evaluate muscle strength and coordination (Spine Universe, 2018).

Diagnostic Imaging

Imaging helps identify structural issues causing nerve compression.

  • X-rays: Detect bone fractures or misalignments.
  • MRI: Shows soft tissue damage, such as herniated discs or nerve compression.
  • CT Scans: Provide detailed views of bones and tissues (Dr. Alex Jimenez, 2018).

Nerve Conduction Studies

These tests measure how well nerves transmit electrical signals, helping pinpoint the location and extent of damage. Electromyography (EMG) may be used alongside to assess muscle response.

Diagnostic Methods

MethodPurpose
Physical ExamAssess reflexes, sensation, and strength
X-rayIdentify bone fractures or misalignments
MRIDetect soft tissue and nerve compression
Nerve Conduction StudyMeasure nerve signal transmission

References

  • Spine Universe. (2018). Neurological exams: Sensory nerves and deep tendon reflexes. Retrieved from Spine Universe
  • Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2018). The abdomen: Diagnostic imaging approach. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez

Treatment Options

Treatment for nerve injuries aims to alleviate symptoms, promote healing, and prevent the development of chronic conditions. Options range from non-invasive therapies to surgical interventions.

Chiropractic Care

Chiropractic adjustments realign the spine and joints, reducing nerve compression. This approach is effective for whiplash, pinched nerves, and herniated discs. Chiropractors also provide soft tissue therapy to reduce inflammation (PrimeCare Chiropractic).

Physical Therapy

Targeted exercises and stretches improve mobility, strengthen muscles, and reduce nerve pressure. For optimal results, Houston Pain Specialists often combine physical therapy with chiropractic care.

Medication

Medications may include:

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to reduce swelling.
  • Nerve pain medications, such as gabapentin.
  • Muscle relaxants are used to alleviate spasms.

Surgery

Surgery may be necessary in severe cases to repair severed nerves or relieve compression from herniated discs or fractures. Surgery is typically considered a last resort (Dolman Law, 2022).

Treatment Options Overview

TreatmentDescriptionBest For
Chiropractic CareSpinal adjustments, soft tissue therapyWhiplash, pinched nerves
Physical TherapyExercises to improve mobility and strengthMuscle weakness, mobility issues
MedicationPain relief and inflammation reductionAcute pain, inflammation
SurgeryRepair severe nerve damage or compressionSevered nerves, severe compression

References

  • PrimeCare Chiropractic. (n.d.). Chiropractic care for personal injury recovery. Retrieved from PrimeCare Chiropractic
  • Houston Pain Specialists. (n.d.). Why some auto accident injuries lead to chronic nerve pain. Retrieved from Houston Pain Specialists
  • Dolman Law. (2022). Neurological issues from a car accident. Retrieved from Dolman Law

The Role of Chiropractic Care in Recovery

Chiropractic care plays a vital role in recovering from MVA-related nerve injuries. By addressing spinal misalignments and reducing nerve pressure, chiropractors help restore function and alleviate pain.

Benefits of Chiropractic Care

  • Pain Relief: Adjustments reduce nerve compression, easing pain without relying heavily on medications.
  • Improved Mobility: Realigning the spine enhances range of motion, aiding daily activities.
  • Non-Invasive: Chiropractic care avoids surgery, making it a safer option for many patients (Aventura Wellness, 2023).

Supporting Personal Injury Claims

Chiropractors provide detailed documentation of injuries, treatment plans, and progress, which is crucial for personal injury lawsuits. This evidence links the accident to the injury, supporting compensation claims. Chiropractors may also testify in court to explain the extent of injuries (Comfort Rehab, 2024).

Early Intervention

Seeking chiropractic care soon after an accident can prevent chronic conditions. Delayed treatment may allow scar tissue or inflammation to worsen nerve damage, leading to persistent pain (Hensley Legal, 2024).

References

  • Aventura Wellness. (2023). The role of chiropractic care in personal injury recovery. Retrieved from Aventura Wellness
  • Comfort Rehab. (2024). Role of chiropractic in personal injury lawsuits. Retrieved from Comfort Rehab
  • Hensley Legal. (2024). Can a personal injury chiropractor help your case? Retrieved from Hensley Legal

Dr. Alexander Jimenez: A Leading Expert in El Paso

In El Paso, TX, Dr. Alexander Jimenez is a prominent clinician for MVA victims, offering a unique blend of chiropractic and medical expertise. With over 25 years of experience, he leads Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic, specializing in injury rehabilitation, functional medicine, and personal injury care (A4M, n.d.).

Background and Credentials

Dr. Jimenez holds dual licensure as a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) and a board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP-BC). He is also certified in functional medicine, allowing him to address both biomechanical and systemic health issues. His education includes training from the National University of Health Sciences, and he has been recognized as a top-rated chiropractor in El Paso from 2015 to 2024 (Healthgrades).

Clinical Approach

Dr. Jimenez employs a comprehensive approach to treat nerve injuries:

  • Advanced Diagnostics: He utilizes imaging techniques (X-rays, MRIs) and the Living Matrix Functional Medicine Assessment to pinpoint the underlying causes of nerve damage (Dr. Alex Jimenez, 2025).
  • Dual-Scope Interventions: Combining chiropractic adjustments with medical management, he addresses both structural and physiological aspects of injuries.
  • Each patient receives a personalized treatment plan that prioritizes pain relief, mobility recovery, and long-term wellness.

Role in Personal Injury Cases

Dr. Jimenez acts as an intermediary between medical care and legal processes. His clinic provides detailed medical records, diagnostic imaging results, and treatment summaries that support personal injury claims. These documents help establish the link between the accident and the injury, which is crucial for securing compensation. His expertise also allows him to collaborate with attorneys, providing expert testimony when needed (Dr. Alex Jimenez, 2017).

Community Impact

Dr. Jimenez’s commitment to El Paso extends beyond his clinic. He engages in community outreach, such as the “Tell A Veteran” program, offering chiropractic care to disabled veterans. His Health Voice 360 Podcast educates the public on various health issues, including nerve injuries and recovery, as well as other related topics (LinkedIn).

Why Choose Dr. Jimenez?

FeatureBenefit
Dual LicensureCombines chiropractic and medical expertise
Advanced DiagnosticsPinpoints injury causes with precision
Legal SupportProvides documentation for personal injury claims
Holistic ApproachAddresses physical, nutritional, and emotional health

References

  • A4M. (n.d.). Dr. Alex Jimenez: Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic. Retrieved from A4M
  • Healthgrades. (n.d.). Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC. Retrieved from Healthgrades
  • Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2025). Why choose Dr. Jimenez and clinical team. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez
  • Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2017). Personal injury doctor. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez
  • LinkedIn. (n.d.). Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s profile. Retrieved from LinkedIn

Conclusion

Nerve injuries from car accidents, including compression injuries and whiplash, can lead to peripheral neuropathy, causing significant physical and emotional challenges. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent chronic pain and restore quality of life. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, located in El Paso, TX, provides MVA victims with hope by integrating advanced diagnostics, chiropractic care, and functional medicine to facilitate their recovery. His role in personal injury cases ensures patients receive both medical care and legal support, helping them navigate the aftermath of an accident. If you’ve been in a car accident, don’t wait for symptoms to worsen—seek expert care to start your journey to healing.

References

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Exercises, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Exercise and Dementia: Key to Cognitive Health

To what extent can regular exercise contribute to the overall health of elderly individuals and reduce the likelihood of developing dementia?

Exercise and Dementia: Improving Brain Function

Dementia Prevention and Exercise

Dementia is a term that refers to various diseases that impede memory and cognition, and it is presently the seventh most common cause of death worldwide. (World Health Organization, 2025) Approximately 10 million new cases of dementia are diagnosed annually on a global scale. (Yoon J.H. et al., 2023) A study investigating the correlation between insulin and exercise in the brain discovered that consistent physical activity may enhance brain function and reduce the likelihood of developing dementia. Researchers have discovered that factors such as.

Exercise and stretching are necessary. Muscle rigidity impairs insulin’s ability to work in those who don’t exercise. The body enhances insulin sensitivity by contracting and releasing those muscles in response to movement. Dementia prevention efforts might benefit from identifying mechanisms that lower insulin resistance.

Physical Activity and Reduced Risk

After observing 21 older individuals with prediabetes for two weeks, the researchers discovered that physical activity assists the brain in regulating insulin, directly improving cognitive function. Under supervision, they completed twelve exercise sessions that ranged from moderate to high intensity. (Malin S. K. et al., 2025)

  • The findings show a notable rise in the number of extracellular vesicles produced from the brain that contain insulin-related proteins.
  • These micro-messengers ensure that neurons can communicate with one another and play an essential part in maintaining the brain.
  • AKT (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three specific protein kinases that are important for many body functions, such as keeping cells alive, helping them grow, managing metabolism, and controlling the cell cycle.
  • The protein is considered a significant factor in insulin signaling and has ramifications for neuronal cell growth and health.
  • Inadequate insulin response may contribute to dementia. Hence, it is noteworthy that exercise could mitigate this by potentially enhancing insulin signaling.

Although further investigation is necessary, these results underscore that physical activity may be an accessible, cost-effective method to promote long-term cognitive health. In the subsequent phase of the investigation, researchers will employ an insulin spray and MRIs to gain further insight into insulin’s impact on brain activity. They will analyze cerebral blood circulation before and during the administration of the insulin spray to elucidate its effects.

Insulin, Exercise, and Brain Health

Insulin is a hormone synthesized by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Nonetheless, insulin’s significance in cerebral health is equally crucial. The brain’s abundance of insulin receptors facilitates neuronal communication, enhances synaptic connections upon insulin binding, and promotes memory and learning. (Gray, S. M., Meijer, R. I., & Barrett, E. J. 2014)

Impaired insulin signaling, as observed in situations such as type 2 diabetes, renders the brain more susceptible to cognitive deterioration. (Yoon J.H. et al., 2023) Research indicates that insulin resistance plays a role in the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, which are fundamental features of Alzheimer’s disease. (Hong, S., Han, K., & Park, C. Y. 2021) Enhancing insulin sensitivity may mitigate or avert these cerebral alterations. Aerobic exercise positively influences total brain health. Prior research has demonstrated that physical activity improves or sustains adult cognitive function and memory. (Rosenberg A. et al., 2020) Other ways to increase brain health include

  • Staying socially engaged
  • Challenging the mind
  • Getting plenty of sleep
  • Managing Stress
  • Healthy diet
  • Staying physically active
  • Diabetes management
  • Blood pressure management

The future of dementia prevention will likely entail a synthesis of lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and pharmacological treatments, to achieve the most significant impact. Consistent physical activity may substantially diminish the likelihood of dementia in adults with prediabetes or diabetes and support normal cognitive function.

Clinic for Chiropractic Care and Functional Medicine

Family Practice Nurse Practitioner Dr. Jimenez integrates sophisticated medical proficiency with chiropractic treatment to manage diverse illnesses. Our clinic combines Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to develop tailored care plans that enhance natural healing, mobility, and sustained wellness. By emphasizing flexibility, agility, and strength, we enable patients to flourish, irrespective of age or health obstacles. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we dedicate ourselves to treating individuals recovering from injuries and chronic pain disorders. We enhance your capabilities through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs customized for various age demographics and disabilities. We employ in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to guarantee tailored care and optimal wellness outcomes for each patient.

Is Motion Key to Healing?

References

World Health Organization. (2025). “Dementia.” World Health Organization. from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/dementia#:~:text=Alzheimer%20disease%20is%20the%20most,60%E2%80%9370%25%20of%20cases.

Yoon, J. H., Hwang, J., Son, S. U., Choi, J., You, S. W., Park, H., Cha, S. Y., & Maeng, S. (2023). How Can Insulin Resistance Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043506

Malin, S. K., Battillo, D. J., Beeri, M. S., Mustapic, M., Delgado-Peraza, F., & Kapogiannis, D. (2025). Two weeks of exercise alters neuronal extracellular vesicle insulin signaling proteins and pro-BDNF in older adults with prediabetes. Aging cell, 24(1), e14369. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14369

Gray, S. M., Meijer, R. I., & Barrett, E. J. (2014). Insulin regulates brain function, but how does it get there?. Diabetes, 63(12), 3992–3997. https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-0340

Hong, S., Han, K., & Park, C. Y. (2021). The insulin resistance by triglyceride glucose index and risk for dementia: population-based study. Alzheimer’s research & therapy, 13(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00758-4

Rosenberg, A., Mangialasche, F., Ngandu, T., Solomon, A., & Kivipelto, M. (2020). Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia: From FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, 7(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2019.41

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Therapy, Work Injury , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Bone Growth Stimulator in Post-Injury Healing

Can bone growth stimulators help promote bone healing in cases where fractures or fusions fail to heal properly?

Bone Growth Stimulator

Individuals who sustain broken bones typically heal the fracture with appropriate treatment, which may include casts, realignment, and surgery. This type of surgery is performed on the spine and joints throughout the body; typically, the bone heals without a problem. Bone healing is a natural process, as bones are constantly replaced with new ones, and after an injury, the body can heal the damage to the bone. However, bone healing sometimes does not happen correctly and/or completely. Bone healing can take a long time, which is known as a delayed union, or it may not occur at all, or a nonunion. This is when a healthcare provider could recommend bone growth stimulation.

How They Work

Bone growth stimulators apply external or implanted electrical or ultrasonic energy to the fracture or fusion site, stimulating bone growth. These devices are often used when a fracture doesn’t heal within the expected timeframe (a nonunion fracture) or when a spinal fusion has not successfully fused. (FDA, 2022)

  • They come in various shapes, sizes, and technologies depending on the location of the fracture.
  • The most commonly used bone stimulators in orthopedics are electrical and ultrasound stimulators.
  • The stimulator emits a pulsed electromagnetic or ultrasonic impulse to the area where bone healing should occur.
  • Most modern bone stimulators are attached near the fracture site or fused with a small battery pack and worn for a period each day that may last minutes or hours.

Electrical Stimulation

  • Devices deliver low-level electrical pulses to the fracture site, which can stimulate bone cells to create new bone tissue.

Ultrasound Stimulation

  • They emit low-intensity pulsed ultrasound waves, which are absorbed by the bone and can promote bone healing.

Implantable vs. External

  • Some stimulators are surgically implanted, providing constant stimulation directly at the fracture site, while others are external and worn over the skin or cast.

The goal is to activate a series of receptors in the body to encourage a healing response. (Childs, S. G. 2003) The stimulator activates a pathway that releases chemicals within the body to promote fracture healing. This type of process in the body is called a cascade, and it happens when one signal stimulates another method, and so on until healing is complete. The bone stimulator ensures this cascade continues until the healing process is complete.

Effectiveness

Studies of bone stimulator effectiveness suggest two benefits:

  1. Less pain is associated with the bone healing process.
  2. Faster fracture healing.

However, these studies haven’t shown that these differences lead to improved patient functional outcomes. It would seem that if there is less pain and faster healing, then the patient should recover without complications. However, some researchers have suggested this is probably because the differences in pain and healing times are small and not necessarily noticeable. (Aleem, I. S. et al., 2016)

  • While bone growth stimulators can be effective, the results can vary, and their effectiveness is still under investigation.
  • Some studies have shown that stimulators can reduce pain and speed up healing time, while others have shown mixed results.
  • It’s important to discuss the benefits and risks of bone growth stimulation with a doctor to determine if it’s the right treatment option.

When Stimulation is Necessary

Bone stimulators are currently not used for routine fracture healing. It is certainly possible that bone healing stimulators will be used routinely in the future. They seem to show some benefit in non-healing fractures or fractures that are likely troublesome to heal. Some reasons individuals may have problems healing fractures are injuries to the blood supply to and around the fracture, injuries to specific bones, and overuse-related fractures. (Victoria, G. et al., 2009) These injuries may include (FDA, 2022)

Nonunion Fractures

  • When a fracture doesn’t heal within the expected timeframe.
  • Open fractures
  • Stress fractures
  • Scaphoid bone fractures
  • Talus fractures

Failed Fusions

  • When a spinal fusion hasn’t been successful.

High-Risk Patients

  • For individuals with factors that can hinder bone healing, such as smoking, diabetes, or certain medications

Bone healing typically proceeds without much problem. However, there are situations where people have issues healing after fractures or surgery. Bone stimulators are not used for routine bone healing but in situations where steps may be needed to help stimulate the body. While the improvement may be small, it may be critical if it is the difference between healing and nonhealing.

Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic

As a Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Dr. Jimenez combines advanced medical expertise with chiropractic care to address various conditions. Our clinic integrates Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to create customized care plans that promote natural healing, mobility, and long-term wellness. By focusing on flexibility, agility, and strength, we empower patients to thrive, regardless of age or health challenges. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we passionately focus on treating patients after injuries and chronic pain syndromes. We focus on improving your ability through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs tailored for all age groups and disabilities. We use in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to ensure every patient’s personalized care and wellness outcomes.

From Injury to Recovery with Chiropractic Care

References

U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2022). AccelStim Bone Growth Stimulator – P210035. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/recently-approved-devices/accelstim-bone-growth-stimulator-p210035#:~:text=What%20is%20it?,the%20transducer%20to%20the%20fracture

Childs, S. G. (2003). Stimulators of bone healing. Biologic and biomechanical. Orthopedic nursing, 22(6), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200311000-00010

Aleem, I. S., Aleem, I., Evaniew, N., Busse, J. W., Yaszemski, M., Agarwal, A., Einhorn, T., & Bhandari, M. (2016). Efficacy of Electrical Stimulators for Bone Healing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Sham-Controlled Trials. Scientific Reports, 6, 31724. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31724

Victoria, G., Petrisor, B., Drew, B., & Dick, D. (2009). Bone stimulation for fracture healing: What’s all the fuss?. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 43(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.50844

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Physio, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Length of Time for Muscle Tightness Relief

For individuals dealing with or experiencing muscle pain and stiffness, how long does it take to loosen tight muscles?

Length Of Time to Loosen Tight Muscles

Tight muscles are often caused by overuse or strain, combined with muscle soreness, a common symptom of tight muscles. The soreness peaks around the third day and begins to subside, typically resolving within a few days. But if tightness persists or is accompanied by other symptoms like numbness, inability to move, or swelling, it’s important to consult a medical provider. (Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island, 2024) However, it can take much longer for individuals who have never stretched and have had tight muscles for years, depending on the severity, injury history, and underlying causes.

Factors Influencing Timeline

Consistent stretching can take anywhere from a few weeks to a few months to noticeably loosen tight muscles and improve flexibility. The specific time frame depends on factors like the severity of the tightness, underlying causes, and individual consistency with stretching. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)

Severity of Tightness

  • Muscle knots and significant limitations in range of motion may take longer to resolve than minor stiffness.

Underlying Causes

  • If tightness is due to a specific injury or condition, addressing that cause is important for lasting and maintaining improvements. (Healthline, 2023)

Individual Factors

  • Genetics, age, and overall health can influence how quickly muscles adapt to stretching.

Consistency

  • Regular stretching, ideally daily or several times a week, is essential for feeling progress. (Mayo Clinic, 2023)

Stretching Routine

The length of time can vary based on the starting flexibility level and the specific stretching routine. (Mayo Clinic, 2023) It typically takes several weeks of consistent stretching, at least 3-4 times a week, to notice flexibility improvements. Longer-term changes, beyond the initial feeling of being looser, usually take 8 to 12 weeks.

Consistency

Hold Time

  • Hold static stretches for at least 30 seconds.
  • Longer holds (1-2 minutes) can provide deeper benefits.

Long-term Gains

  • For substantial and sustained improvements, stretching consistently for several months is recommended. (Mayo Clinic, 2023)

Initial Changes

  • Individuals may notice small improvements in the first few weeks, especially starting from a more inflexible position.

Influencing Factors and Results

  • Individual genetics, current flexibility level, and the specific exercises can affect how quickly improvements are seen and felt. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)

What To Expect

Improvements

  • Within a few weeks, individuals might notice a decrease in the sensation of tightness or increased ease in reaching a stretch. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)

Longer-Term Changes

  • Significant muscle length and flexibility improvements may take several weeks to months of consistent effort.

Maintenance

Treatment Options

  • Stretching, physical therapy, massage, and other therapies can help alleviate tight muscles and promote recovery. (Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island, 2024)
  • Consider professional guidance for specific concerns or limitations. Consult a physical therapist or healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

The length of time to see results means consistency and patience are important.

Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic

As a Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Dr. Jimenez combines advanced medical expertise with chiropractic care to address various conditions. Our clinic integrates Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to create customized care plans that promote natural healing, mobility, and long-term wellness. By focusing on flexibility, agility, and strength, we empower patients to thrive, regardless of age or health challenges. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we passionately focus on treating patients after injuries and chronic pain syndromes. We focus on improving your ability through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs tailored for all age groups and disabilities. We use in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to ensure every patient’s personalized care and wellness outcomes.

Understanding Long-Lasting Injuries

References

Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island. (2024). How Long Do Muscle Knots Last? Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island. https://www.spinemedli.com/how-long-do-muscle-knots-last/#:~:text=The%20duration%20of%20a%20muscle,chronic%20pain%20if%20left%20untreated.

Peterson Physical Therapy. (2024). How Long Does It Take to Improve Flexibility? https://petersenpt.com/how-long-does-it-take-to-improve-flexibility#:~:text=Over%20the%20years%2C%20I’ve,takes%20to%20become%20more%20flexible.

Healthline. (2023). Everything You Need to Know About Muscle Stiffness. https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-stiffness

Mayo Clinic. (2023). Stretching: Focus On Flexibility. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/stretching/art-20047931#:~:text=Stretch%20in%20a%20smooth%20movement,hold%20for%20around%2060%20seconds.

Harvard Health Publishing. (2022). Everyday Stretching. https://www.health.harvard.edu/everyday-stretching#:~:text=A%20daily%20regimen%20will%20deliver,or%20three%20times%20a%20week.

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Chiropractic Care, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Understanding Nerve Conduction Velocity in Health Care

Should individuals experiencing nerve pain or various sensations get a nerve conduction velocity study to examine nerve health and function?

Nerve Conduction Velocity

A nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is a noninvasive test that measures the speed and strength of nerve stimulation using electrical probes placed on the skin. It’s used to diagnose nerve damage or disease, often alongside an EMG (electromyogram) to differentiate between nerve and muscle problems. It can also evaluate sensory issues, pain, and weakness of the extremities.

  • This test involves safe electrical shocks that can be slightly uncomfortable but not painful.
  • Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measures the speed at which electrical impulses travel along a nerve fiber, which measures how quickly electrical signals travel through a nerve.
  • This information indicates nerve health and function.
  • Electromyography (EMG) is a nerve test that involves placing tiny needles into the muscles.
  • A slower NCV can indicate nerve injury or dysfunction.

Test Uses

Generally, the test is ordered to assess peripheral nerve diseases, those that connect from the muscles, organs, and skin to the spinal cord or brain. It can help identify the type and location of nerve damage.

  • Peripheral nerve conditions typically cause pain, sensory loss, tingling, or burning.
  • Mild weakness and diminished reflexes can be detected during a neurological examination.

Conditions

Nerve conduction studies are performed to help diagnose conditions.

  • Herniated disc disease
  • Sciatic nerve problems
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • Nerve damage (neuropathy), such as from diabetes, chemotherapy, or autoimmune disorders
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Nerve compression

  • Many different conditions, including trauma, inflammation, and tumors, can compress one or more nerves.

Radiculopathy

  • Often described as a pinched nerve, radiculopathy can affect an arm or a leg, causing pain and weakness.

Peripheral Neuropathy

  • This nerve damage begins in the most distal nerves, those farthest from the center of the body, such as the toes and fingers. It is often due to chronic alcohol misuse, uncontrolled diabetes, nutritional deficits, and inflammatory diseases. (Ferdousi M. et al., 2020)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  • Commonly caused by inflammatory diseases or overuse of the wrists, such as from assembly line work, carpal tunnel syndrome causes numbness, pain, and weakness of the fingers and hands. (Tada K. et al., 2022)

Ulnar neuropathy

  • This common condition causes arm pain and sensory changes, usually due to repetitive movements or a prolonged position that causes pressure on the ulnar nerve.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

  • This inflammatory condition causes demyelination, or loss of the insulating covering around nerves, which results in leg weakness.
  • It begins in the motor nerves, which send signals to muscles in the legs. (Shibuya K. et al., 2022)
  • The inflammation travels to nerves of the upper body, often affecting the muscles that control breathing.
  • Respiratory support is necessary until the condition improves.

Chronic Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)

  • This condition is a chronic, recurrent form of GBS that usually affects the legs and causes episodes of weakness.

ICU neuropathy

  • Metabolic changes, severe illness, and not moving enough can cause nerves to develop a pattern of weakness and sensory loss.

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

  • This autoimmune condition affects the junction between the nerves and the muscles.
  • Myasthenia gravis causes drooping eyelids and weakness of the arms and shoulders.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

  • ALS is a serious, degenerative disease affecting the spinal cord’s motor neurons.
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progresses rapidly, resulting in substantial weakness of muscles throughout the body.

How it’s Done

  • Surface electrodes are placed on the skin over nerves, and a small electrical current is applied to stimulate the nerve.
  • The time it takes for the electrical signal to travel between the electrodes is measured, and this time is used to calculate the NCV.

Values

Normal NCV values are generally between 50 and 70 meters per second. However, these values can vary depending on the nerve and the individual.

NCV Factors

Various factors can influence NCV.

  • Age
  • Sex
  • Medical conditions like diabetes

Interpretation

  • A slower NCV can indicate nerve damage or demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers), while an EMG can help determine if the problem is with the nerve or the muscle.

Results

The results of NCV testing can be used to determine the type, severity, and location of nerve damage. The results will be ready in report form about a week after the test.

  • The test measures velocity (how fast a nerve transmits signals) and amplitude (how many nerve fibers were activated). (Tavee J. 2019)
  • The measurements are transmitted to a computer and shown as waves and numerical values.
  • The values are compared to a standard measurement based on the tested nerve.
  • The distance between the electrodes.
  • The person’s age.

Compared to the standard, the NCV results can identify certain patterns of nerve damage. (Tada K. et al., 2022) Outcomes include: (Tavee J. 2019)

  • If one or more nerves are affected.
  • If motor nerves (control movement), sensory nerves (transmit sensory signals), or both are affected.
  • Whether a nerve is blocked or damaged.
  • The severity of the damage.
  • The type of nerve damage
  • Axonal (damage to the nerve itself)
  • Demyelination (damage to the protective fatty layer around the nerve)

The results can help point to certain diagnoses.

Preparation Before the Test

Individuals will not need to change their diet before having an NCV. However, patients will be asked to avoid lotions or creams on their skin before the test. Individuals who are also having an EMG at the time of their NCV might be asked to stop taking medications or supplements that increase the risk of bleeding and bruising. If a healthcare provider says not to stop taking the medicines for health reasons, the patient might be warned that they could have some bruising after the EMG test.

  • NCV may advise against getting the test for those with electrical device implants.
  • Make sure your healthcare providers are aware of your whole medical history.

Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic

Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.

Peripheral Neuropathy and Chiropractic Care

References

Ferdousi, M., Kalteniece, A., Azmi, S., Petropoulos, I. N., Worthington, A., D’Onofrio, L., Dhage, S., Ponirakis, G., Alam, U., Marshall, A., Faber, C. G., Lauria, G., Soran, H., & Malik, R. A. (2020). Corneal confocal microscopy compared with quantitative sensory testing and nerve conduction for diagnosing and stratifying the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. BMJ open diabetes research & care, 8(2), e001801. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001801

Tada, K., Murai, A., Nakamura, Y., Nakade, Y., & Tsuchiya, H. (2022). In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocities Are Worst in the Middle Finger Than in the Index Finger. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 851108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.851108

Shibuya, K., Tsuneyama, A., Misawa, S., Suzuki, Y. I., Suichi, T., Kojima, Y., Nakamura, K., Kano, H., Ohtani, R., Aotsuka, Y., Morooka, M., Prado, M., & Kuwabara, S. (2022). Different patterns of sensory nerve involvement in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy subtypes. Muscle & Nerve, 66(2), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.27530

Tavee J. (2019). Nerve conduction studies: Basic concepts. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 160, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00014-X

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Chiropractic Care, Therapy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Bone Density Test and Its Importance for Health

What is a bone density test, how is it performed, and what do the results mean?

Bone Density Test

A bone density test examines bone mass, which indicates overall bone strength. Assessing bone density or mass is necessary for diagnosing osteopenia or osteoporosis, conditions that increase the risk of broken bones. The scan is performed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which examines the thickness of the bones. Results from DEXA scans are compared to standardized values to determine whether bone density is lower than normal and whether osteopenia or osteoporosis is present.

Examination

The procedure examines bone density, or bone mass. The bones’ density, or mass, is an overall indicator of bone strength. The greater the bone density, the thicker and stronger the bones are. The test is used to diagnose osteoporosis, a condition characterized by brittle bones at risk of breaking due to significantly low bone density. A bone density test can also diagnose osteopenia, a condition characterized by lower than normal bone mass that can lead to osteoporosis. (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2025) It is recommended that all women aged 65 and older and all men aged 70 and older have a bone density scan to screen for bone loss to help prevent fractures. (Kling J. M., Clarke B. L., & Sandhu N. P. 2014)

  • Bone density scans can establish a baseline level of bone density and track changes over time.
  • For individuals with osteoporosis or osteopenia, a bone density scan can help track how well their bones respond to treatment.

Procedure

The most common bone density test is a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DEXA, scan. A DEXA scan is similar to getting an X-ray taken, but it uses two beams to produce a more detailed and sensitive reading. (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2025)

  • During a DEXA scan, the patient will lie on their back on a table with their legs elevated on a padded platform.
  • An X-ray scanner will pass over the spine and hips while another scans beneath.
  • While the scan takes place, the patient will be asked to hold very still to obtain an accurate image.
  • The scan will obtain bone density readings from the spine and hip, the two most commonly fractured bones, and generally takes less than 30 minutes.

Results

A DEXA scan measures bone density in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm²). This number indicates how densely bone cells are packed together in a specific area of bone. This bone density reading is then compared to a standardized value to determine if bone density is within a normal range or lower than average.

For postmenopausal women and men aged 50 and older, bone density values are given a T score. The T-scores are then compared to a standardized bone density level of a healthy 30-year-old adult with peak bone density levels. (Kling J. M., Clarke B. L., & Sandhu N. P. 2014) Scores indicate the following: (Kling J. M., Clarke B. L., & Sandhu N. P., 2014)

  • Equal to minus 1.0 or above: Normal bone density
  • Between minus 1.0 and minus 2.5: Low bone density (osteopenia)
  • Equal to minus 2.5 or below: Osteoporosis
  1. Bone density values are reported as a Z score for women who have not undergone menopause and men under 50 years old.
  2. Z scores are compared to bone density levels of individuals of the same age and sex.
  3. A Z score of minus 2.0 or lower indicates low bone density, which can be caused by factors other than aging, such as medication side effects, nutritional deficiencies, or thyroid problems.

Arthritis Diagnosis 

Because a DEXA scan only measures the thickness of bones, it doesn’t work to diagnose arthritis. An X-ray of the affected joint is currently the most accurate way to diagnose arthritis. The Kellgren-Lawrence classification system categorizes the extent of arthritis based on the severity of joint damage seen on an X-ray. According to this system, arthritis can be classified as: (Kohn M. D., Sassoon A. A., & Fernando N. D. 2016)

Grade 1 (minor)

  • Minimal or no joint space narrowing, with possible bone spur formation.

Grade 2 (mild)

  • Possible joint space narrowing, with definite bone spur formation.

Grade 3 (moderate)

  • Definite joint space narrowing, moderate bone spur formation, mild sclerosis (abnormal thickening of bone), and possible deformation of bone ends.

Grade 4 (severe)

  • Severe joint space narrowing, large bone spur formation, marked sclerosis, and definite deformation of bone ends.

Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic

Exercise can be incredibly beneficial for improving bone density, joint mobility, and the strength of surrounding muscles, which support and protect joints and bones. Talk to a healthcare provider to learn what interventions and available treatment options would be the most effective. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.

Osteoporosis

References

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. (2025). Bone mineral density tests: what the numbers mean. Retrieved from https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-mineral-density-tests-what-numbers-mean

Kling, J. M., Clarke, B. L., & Sandhu, N. P. (2014). Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and treatment: a review. Journal of women’s health (2002), 23(7), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611

Kohn, M. D., Sassoon, A. A., & Fernando, N. D. (2016). Classifications in Brief: Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of Osteoarthritis. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 474(8), 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4