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Tag: kyphosis

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By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care, El Paso TX, Insurance, Physio , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Car Crashes and Posture: Understanding Long-Term Effects and Recovery Options

Motor Vehicle Accidents and Posture Recovery

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) can have a profound impact on an individual’s health, particularly their posture, mobility, and overall musculoskeletal system. One of the most common injuries resulting from MVAs is whiplash, which involves a sudden jolt to the head and neck, causing strain and damage to soft tissues. This injury often leads to neck pain, stiffness, headaches, and long-term postural issues such as forward head posture. Beyond whiplash, MVAs can cause back pain, nerve damage, indirect trauma, and mobility challenges, all of which contribute to chronic pain and poor alignment. This post examines the impact of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) on posture, the associated musculoskeletal complications, and the role of chiropractic care, particularly the expertise of Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, in treating these injuries. We will also discuss the importance of advanced imaging, diagnostic assessments, and legal documentation in personal injury cases, especially in El Paso, Texas.

The Mechanics of Whiplash and Its Impact on Posture

Whiplash is a common injury sustained in MVAs, particularly in rear-end collisions. The sudden acceleration and deceleration of the head cause the neck to whip back and forth, straining muscles, ligaments, and tendons in the cervical spine. According to Healthdirect, whiplash can lead to symptoms such as neck pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the shoulders, which may persist for weeks or even months. These symptoms can disrupt normal posture, as individuals may unconsciously adjust their head and neck position to alleviate discomfort.

One of the most significant postural consequences of whiplash is forward head posture (FHP). FHP occurs when the head is positioned forward relative to the shoulders, placing additional strain on the neck and upper back muscles. Atlas Spine Care notes that whiplash can weaken the muscles supporting the cervical spine, leading to FHP, neck pain, and headaches. Over time, FHP can cause a cascade of musculoskeletal issues, including rounded shoulders, upper back pain, and reduced spinal mobility.

The development of FHP is often exacerbated by muscle imbalances caused by whiplash. The muscles in the front of the neck, such as the sternocleidomastoid, may become tight, while the muscles in the upper back, such as the trapezius and rhomboids, weaken. This imbalance pulls the head forward, altering the natural curvature of the spine. A chiropractor in St. Louis explains that these phasic muscles, which are responsible for movement, can become overactive during driving, while postural muscles weaken, contributing to alignment issues.

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Back Pain and Spinal Misalignments After MVAs

MVAs often result in back pain due to the immense force exerted on the spine during a collision. The spine, a complex structure of vertebrae, discs, muscles, and ligaments, is highly susceptible to injury. According to Michigan Auto Law, spine injuries from car accidents can include herniated discs, compression fractures, and spondylolisthesis, all of which can cause chronic back pain and mobility issues. These injuries may not be immediately apparent, as symptoms can take hours or days to manifest.

Spinal misalignments, or subluxations, are another common consequence of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Team Allied PW emphasizes that misalignments can place undue stress on joints and ligaments, leading to pain, reduced range of motion, and nerve irritation. If left untreated, these misalignments can contribute to chronic pain and long-term postural deformities, such as kyphosis, an exaggerated forward curvature of the upper back.

Lower back pain is particularly prevalent after MVAs, often resulting from the impact on the lumbar spine. Bryant PSC notes that the force of a collision can cause muscle strains, ligament sprains, or disc injuries, all of which contribute to lower back pain. In severe cases, these injuries can lead to sciatica, a condition characterized by radiating pain from the lower back into the legs due to nerve compression.

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Nerve Damage and Indirect Trauma

MVAs can cause nerve damage through direct trauma, such as spinal cord injuries, or indirect trauma, such as nerve compression from misaligned vertebrae or herniated discs. Michigan Auto Law highlights that thoracic spine fractures, which are common in high-impact collisions, can lead to nerve damage, resulting in symptoms like numbness, tingling, or paralysis. Nerve damage can significantly impair mobility and flexibility, making everyday activities challenging.

Indirect trauma, such as inflammation or muscle spasms, can also compress nerves, leading to conditions like cervical radiculopathy. Impact Medical Group explains that back spasms, a common post-accident symptom, can irritate nearby nerves, causing radiating pain and discomfort. These spasms are often triggered by the body’s attempt to stabilize the injured area, but they can exacerbate nerve-related symptoms over time.

The long-term effects of nerve damage can be particularly debilitating. All Injuries Law Firm notes that untreated nerve injuries can lead to chronic pain syndromes, where the nervous system becomes hypersensitive, amplifying pain signals. This can result in persistent discomfort, even after the initial injury has healed.

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Mobility and Flexibility Challenges

MVAs can severely limit mobility and flexibility, particularly when injuries affect the spine, muscles, or joints. Whiplash, for example, can cause stiffness in the neck, making it difficult to turn the head or perform simple tasks like driving or reading. Fletcher Law USA emphasizes the importance of early intervention, as untreated neck injuries can worsen over time, resulting in chronic stiffness and reduced range of motion.

Lower back injuries, such as herniated discs or muscle strains, can also restrict mobility. Metrowest Spine Clinic notes that delayed symptoms, such as muscle spasms or joint stiffness, can emerge days or weeks after an accident, further complicating the recovery process. These symptoms can make it challenging to bend, lift, or walk, impacting an individual’s quality of life.

Postural deformities, such as kyphosis or scoliosis, can exacerbate mobility issues. Heritage Hospitals warns that untreated postural problems can lead to long-term complications, including reduced spinal flexibility and increased risk of arthritis. Physical therapy and chiropractic care are often necessary to restore mobility and prevent further deterioration of the affected area.

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The Role of Posture in Recovery and Long-Term Health

Maintaining proper posture after a motor vehicle accident (MVA) is crucial for recovery and preventing long-term health complications. Poor posture, such as slouching or forward head carriage, can exacerbate pain and delay healing. Mile High Spine highlights five key reasons to prioritize posture after an accident: it reduces pain, improves mobility, enhances circulation, supports spinal health, and promotes efficient healing.

Driving posture is another critical factor. Impact Medical Group explains that slouching or leaning forward while driving can worsen existing injuries, particularly in the neck and back. Correcting driving posture, such as sitting upright with proper lumbar support, can mitigate pain and prevent further injury.

Chiropractic care plays a vital role in restoring posture. Dallas Accident and Injury Rehab offers a comprehensive step-by-step guide to correcting posture after an accident, emphasizing the importance of spinal adjustments, stretching exercises, and strengthening exercises. These interventions help realign the spine, strengthen postural muscles, and improve overall body mechanics.

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Dr. Alexander Jimenez: A Leader in Chiropractic and Personal Injury Care

In El Paso, Texas, Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, is a renowned chiropractor and board-certified family nurse practitioner specializing in the treatment of MVA-related injuries. With over 25 years of experience, Dr. Jimenez combines chiropractic care with functional medicine to address a wide range of conditions, including whiplash, back pain, and postural deformities. His practice, Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic, is a leading destination for personal injury care, offering advanced diagnostics and personalized treatment plans.

Dr. Jimenez’s clinical rationale emphasizes the correlation between motor vehicle accident (MVA) injuries and musculoskeletal joint pain. According to his insights on DrAlexJimenez.com, MVAs can cause biomechanical dysfunctions, such as spinal misalignments, that lead to chronic pain and reduced mobility. His dual licensure as a chiropractor and nurse practitioner allows him to integrate manual adjustments with evidence-based medical interventions, addressing both symptoms and underlying causes.

Advanced Imaging and Diagnostic Assessments

Dr. Jimenez employs advanced imaging, such as X-rays and MRIs, to evaluate spinal misalignments, disc injuries, and nerve compression. The Neck and Back Clinics notes that diagnostic imaging is crucial for identifying delayed symptoms, such as those associated with whiplash or spinal cord injuries. These tools provide objective evidence of injury, which is essential for both treatment planning and legal documentation in personal injury cases.

Dual-scope procedures, which combine chiropractic and medical assessments, are a hallmark of Dr. Jimenez’s practice. By evaluating both biomechanical and physiological factors, he can design comprehensive treatment regimens that address the full spectrum of MVA-related injuries. For example, a patient with whiplash may receive spinal adjustments to correct misalignments, physical therapy to restore mobility, and nutritional counseling to support healing.

Legal Documentation in Personal Injury Cases

In personal injury cases, accurate documentation is critical for securing fair compensation. Dr. Jimenez’s expertise in providing detailed medical records, including diagnostic findings and treatment plans, enhances the strength of legal claims. His reports often include evidence of spinal misalignments, nerve damage, and mobility limitations, which are essential for demonstrating the severity of injuries. ChiroMed highlights that Dr. Jimenez’s holistic approach ensures that patients receive both effective treatment and robust legal support.

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Long-Term Health Effects and Rehabilitation

The long-term health effects of MVAs can be profound, particularly when injuries are left untreated. Dr. Hudak warns that kyphosis and forward head carriage can lead to chronic pain, reduced lung capacity, and mobility challenges. These conditions underscore the importance of early intervention and ongoing rehabilitation.

Chiropractic care, physical therapy, and functional medicine are key components of rehabilitation. Dr. Jimenez’s approach includes spinal adjustments to correct misalignments, strengthening exercises to improve posture, and nutritional interventions to support tissue repair and regeneration. LinkedIn – Dr. Alexander Jimenez highlights his commitment to personalized care, which empowers patients to achieve long-term wellness.

Rehabilitation also involves addressing psychological factors, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can exacerbate physical symptoms. Metrowest Spine Clinic notes that PTSD is a potential delayed symptom of MVAs, contributing to chronic pain and mobility issues. A multidisciplinary approach, combining chiropractic care with mental health support, is essential for comprehensive recovery.

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Conclusion

Motor vehicle accidents can have a lasting impact on posture, mobility, and overall health, primarily through injuries like whiplash, spinal misalignments, and nerve damage. These injuries can lead to chronic pain, reduced flexibility, and postural deformities, such as forward head posture and kyphosis. Early intervention is crucial in preventing long-term complications, and chiropractic care, particularly from experts like Dr. Alexander Jimenez, provides a comprehensive solution. By combining advanced imaging, dual-scope procedures, and personalized treatment plans, Dr. Jimenez addresses both the physical and legal needs of MVA victims in El Paso. Through proper rehabilitation, individuals can restore their posture, regain mobility, and improve their quality of life.

https://youtu.be/uzV3_BiQvyU?si=Gie8NkaD8iqxa8-H

References

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Chiropractic Care, Physio , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Cobb Angle: From Measurement to Treatment Decisions

The Cobb angle is a mathematical measurement tool for assessing the curvature of the spine. Along with physical exams and other tests, how is it used to evaluate scoliosis and kyphosis of the spine?

Cobb Angle

The Cobb angle is used to quantify the curvature of the spine, particularly in conditions like scoliosis. It measures the degree of side-to-side spinal curvature, a deformity called scoliosis. The angle’s size helps determine what kind of treatment is needed. Monitoring may be all that’s necessary for mild curvature. With severe scoliosis, treatment may require spinal fusion surgery. Named for orthopedic surgery pioneer John Robert Cobb, it describes the distance a scoliotic curve may deviate from being straight. (Botterbush K. S. et al., 2023) Generally, it takes at least 10 degrees of deviation from straight before scoliosis is confirmed.

X-Ray and Interpretation

An X-ray is taken to measure the Cobb angle. Side and back views are taken. The healthcare provider or examiner then views the X-rays and locates the most affected vertebra in the curve, called the apical vertebra. In a scoliotic curve, the apical vertebra is the spinal bone with the greatest degree of rotation that takes the biggest curve away from the center of a normal spine column.

Visualizing the Angle

The apical vertebra is where two lines drawn from the X-rays meet. Two lines are drawn along the edge of the top and bottom bones of the curve. The lines extend out as follows:

  • On the top bone, the line starts on the high side, continues along the top edge, and then slopes down according to the angle of the vertebra. (Jin, C. et al., 2022)
  • On the bottom vertebra, the line starts on the low side, continues along the bottom edge, and slopes upward.
  • The Cobb angle is found by measuring the angle of the two intersecting lines where they meet.

Then, the top and bottom vertebrae of the side-to-side curve are identified to create a number for the Cobb angle. These bones have the most tilt but the least rotation and displacement and are located above and below the apical vertebra. Computer software is commonly used to calculate the Cobb angle. (Jin, C. et al., 2022) Treatment is based on the:

10 Degrees Cobb Angle 

Scoliosis is diagnosed when the Cobb angle reaches 10 degrees or more. However, this is not generally considered a significant curvature (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024). In around 80% of cases, the scoliosis is considered idiopathic or without congenital or other underlying causes.

Less Than 25 Degrees Cobb Angle

If a scoliotic curve is less than 25 degrees, individuals may only need to visit their healthcare provider periodically so long as the scoliosis is monitored. These are mild cases, often without symptoms, but there is a chance that the curvature can progress. This usually means reassessing the Cobb angle every four to six months in a growing child or adolescent. (National Scoliosis Foundation, 2015) A 5-degree or more progression can change the diagnosis and treatment. (Jin, C. et al., 2022)

Between 25 and 40 Degrees Cobb Angle

A Cobb angle of 25 to 40 degrees usually requires wearing a back brace and intensive physical therapy. The goal of these treatments is to help halt the curve’s progression. Braces are generally worn 16 to 23 hours every day. (National Scoliosis Foundation, 2015) The healthcare provider will provide a referral for physical therapy. Many report excellent results with the Schroth or other scoliosis-specific exercise methods. A study found that core stabilization exercise programs can decrease Cobb angles in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. (Ko K. J. & Kang S. J. 2017)

Scoliosis in Adults

Scoliosis is diagnosed in adults, usually in those who have had the condition, treated or not, that was identified in their youth. A study that followed various cases for 20 years found disease progression occurred in 40% of adults but was usually less than one degree per year. However, degenerative scoliosis can also occur in individuals aged 65 and older. (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024)

40 Degrees or More Cobb Angle

Surgery may be recommended once the Cobb angle reaches 40 to 50 degrees. A spinal fusion is often used to force the curve to stop developing. In adults, surgery may be needed if the angle reaches 50 degrees and they experience complications, such as nerve damage or bowel/bladder dysfunction. Risk factors in adults include older age, a history of smoking, and a diagnosis of other conditions, including being overweight. (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024)

Variations

Variations occur in measuring scoliosis, and it is important to understand the difference between a change in scoliosis and a change in the tools or measurement. Equipment errors, imaging errors, and the subjective reading of the healthcare provider can change the values. (Jin, C. et al., 2022) Scoliosis measurement software and intelligent medical devices continue to improve how scoliosis is evaluated and treated. Physical exams, symptoms, and careful monitoring of changes in posture or function are still critical to an accurate diagnosis. The healthcare provider will explain the Cobb angle and other test results.

Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic

Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.

Academic Low Back Pain: Impact and Chiropractic Solutions

References

Botterbush, K. S., Zhang, J. K., Chimakurty, P. S., Mercier, P., & Mattei, T. A. (2023). The life and legacy of John Robert Cobb: the man behind the angle. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 39(6), 839–846. https://doi.org/10.3171/2023.7.SPINE23146

Jin, C., Wang, S., Yang, G., Li, E., & Liang, Z. (2022). A Review of the Methods on Cobb Angle Measurements for Spinal Curvature. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22(9), 3258. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093258

National Scoliosis Foundation. (2015). Scoliosis Media & Community Guide. https://www.scoliosis.org/nsf2/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ScoliMediaGuide_9June3.pdf

American Association of Neurological Surgeons. (2024). Scoliosis. https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/scoliosis/

Ko, K. J., & Kang, S. J. (2017). Effects of 12-week core stabilization exercise on the Cobb angle and lumbar muscle strength of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734952.476

By Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, APRN, FNP-BC, CFMP, IFMCP 0 Comments Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), Chiropractic Care , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Insights on Kyphosis & Treatment Approaches

Discover effective treatment approaches for kyphosis, its causes and symptoms while enhancing your posture today.

Introduction

How often do you catch yourself slouching after hours at a desk or scrolling through your phone? Do you experience persistent neck strain, shoulder tightness, or upper back discomfort? While many people recognize poor posture as an annoyance, few realize that long-term postural dysfunction can contribute to kyphosis—a spinal condition characterized by excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine.

As a nurse practitioner with 20 years of experience in physical medicine and musculoskeletal health, I have seen firsthand how kyphosis affects both young and older adults, often leading to pain, mobility limitations, and even systemic complications. With a background that includes chiropractic care integration, I emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to kyphosis treatment, focusing on conservative therapies that address spinal alignment, muscle strength, and postural control.

This article explores the environmental causes of kyphosis, its impact on the musculoskeletal system, and evidence-based treatment strategies, including chiropractic adjustments, physical therapy, and postural rehabilitation.

What is Kyphosis? Understanding the Spinal Deformity

Kyphosis refers to an excessive anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, exceeding 40 degrees. While a mild thoracic curve is normal, excessive kyphosis can lead to visible postural changes, musculoskeletal pain, and even respiratory or gastrointestinal complications in severe cases.

Types of Kyphosis

There are several classifications of kyphosis, each with distinct causes:

  • Postural Kyphosis: The most common type, usually seen in adolescents and office workers, resulting from prolonged slouching and weak spinal musculature.
  • Scheuermann’s Kyphosis: A more rigid spinal deformity due to wedge-shaped vertebrae, typically diagnosed in teenagers.
  • Osteoporotic Kyphosis: Common in older adults due to vertebral compression fractures from osteoporosis.
  • Congenital Kyphosis: A rare condition present from birth due to abnormal vertebral development.

If left untreated, kyphosis can progressively worsen, leading to significant postural, neurological, and functional impairments.

Environmental Factors Contributing to Kyphosis

While genetic predisposition plays a role in kyphosis development, environmental and lifestyle factors significantly contribute to the condition. Understanding these risk factors can help with prevention and early intervention.

1. Poor Posture & Prolonged Sedentary Behavior

Chronic slouching, improper ergonomics, and excessive screen time encourage adaptive shortening of the anterior muscles (pectorals and upper abdominals) while weakening the posterior chain (erector spinae and scapular stabilizers). This imbalance reinforces thoracic kyphosis over time.

2. Sedentary Lifestyle & Weak Core Stability

A lack of functional movement and spinal stabilization exercises leads to postural instability, increasing the likelihood of kyphotic progression. A weak core and underactive back extensors contribute to poor spinal support, leading to excessive forward bending of the thoracic spine.

3. Heavy Backpacks & Improper Lifting Mechanics

In children and adolescents, carrying overweight backpacks can accelerate kyphotic posture by exerting excessive downward pressure on the spine. Similarly, incorrect lifting mechanics in adults (e.g., repetitive forward bending with poor lumbar support) increase spinal stress, contributing to degenerative kyphosis.

4. Osteoporosis & Age-Related Bone Loss

Older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, are at a higher risk of developing osteoporotic kyphosis due to decreased bone density. Compression fractures in the thoracic vertebrae can lead to irreversible spinal deformity, making early bone health management critical.

5. Spinal Injuries & Degenerative Disc Disease

Trauma, herniated discs, and chronic spinal degeneration can disrupt normal vertebral alignment, leading to structural kyphosis. Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs contribute to spinal instability, loss of disc height, and increased forward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Symptoms & Effects of Kyphosis on the Musculoskeletal System

Kyphosis not only alters spinal alignment but also leads to cascading effects throughout the musculoskeletal system. Depending on severity, symptoms may range from mild discomfort to functional disability.

Common Symptoms of Kyphosis

–Upper Back Pain & Stiffness: Chronic discomfort, particularly between the shoulder blades and mid-thoracic region.
–Limited Mobility & Flexibility: A rigid thoracic spine reduces spinal extension, affecting overall movement.
–Neck & Shoulder Tension: Forward head posture and rounded shoulders cause excessive strain on the cervical spine, leading to cervicogenic headaches and referred pain.
–Muscle Fatigue & Weakness: Over time, kyphotic posture weakens the paraspinal muscles, reducing spinal endurance.
–Breathing & Digestive Issues: Severe kyphosis can compress the thoracic cavity, leading to restricted lung expansion and impaired digestion.

Neuromuscular Impact of Kyphosis

Cervical Involvement: Increased kyphotic curvature forces cervical hyperextension, straining the posterior neck muscles and contributing to occipital headaches, vertigo, and TMJ dysfunction.

Thoracic & Lumbar Impact: Kyphosis can trigger compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine, increasing stress on the lower back and contributing to disc degeneration and sciatic symptoms.

Biomechanical Dysfunction: Altered gait mechanics, hip instability, and reduced balance have been observed in patients with significant kyphotic curvature (Lorbergs et al., 2017).

Understanding Long-Lasting Injuries- Video

Effective Treatment Approaches for Kyphosis

1. Chiropractic Care for Kyphosis Management

Chiropractic therapy is one of the most effective non-invasive treatments for managing kyphosis-related pain and improving spinal alignment. Research has shown that chiropractic spinal manipulation can improve mobility, reduce pain, and enhance postural stability (Norton et al., 2022).

Key Benefits of Chiropractic Adjustments:

1Spinal Realignment: Chiropractic adjustments restore normal vertebral positioning and reduce excessive thoracic curvature.
–Improved Postural Control: Chiropractic care strengthens postural awareness, spinal mobility, and core stability.
–Reduced Muscle Tension & Nerve Compression: Manual therapy alleviates trigger points, myofascial restrictions, and nerve impingements contributing to kyphotic discomfort.
 –Enhanced Flexibility & Range of Motion: Stretching techniques combined with spinal mobilization restore thoracic extension and shoulder mobility.

2. Physical Therapy & Postural Rehabilitation

Physical therapy plays a crucial role in strengthening the posterior chain, improving spinal stability, and reinforcing proper movement mechanics.

–Thoracic Extension Exercises (e.g., foam rolling, wall angels)
– Core Stabilization & Strength Training (e.g., dead bugs, planks)
– Scapular Retraction & Strengthening (e.g., rows, reverse flys)
–Cervical & Lumbar Postural Corrections

3. Bracing for Kyphosis Correction

In adolescents with Scheuermann’s kyphosis, bracing can help prevent worsening curvature during growth phases.

4. Postural Ergonomics & Lifestyle Modifications

– Ergonomic Workstations: Maintaining neutral spine alignment while sitting reduces kyphotic strain.
– Daily Mobility Exercises: Incorporating yoga, Pilates, or spinal decompression exercises can improve flexibility.
– Weight Management & Bone Health Optimization: Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and weight-bearing exercises support spinal integrity.

Final Thoughts: Addressing Kyphosis Proactively

Kyphosis is a progressive condition that requires early intervention and a multidisciplinary treatment approach. By combining chiropractic adjustments, targeted physical therapy, and ergonomic modifications, patients can significantly reduce pain, improve posture, and enhance spinal function.

Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic

We associate with certified medical providers who implement the importance of the causes and symptoms of kyphosis. While asking important questions to our associated medical providers, we advise patients to integrate small changes into their daily routine to reduce the effects of kyphosis from affecting the cervical and thoracic areas. Dr. Alex Jimenez, D.C., envisions this information as an academic service. Disclaimer.

References

Fortner, M. O., Oakley, P. A., & Harrison, D. E. (2017). Treating ‘slouchy’ (hyperkyphosis) posture with chiropractic biophysics((R)): a case report utilizing a multimodal mirror image((R)) rehabilitation program. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(8), 1475-1480. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1475

Jenkins, H. J., Downie, A. S., Fernandez, M., & Hancock, M. J. (2021). Decreasing thoracic hyperkyphosis – Which treatments are most effective? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 56, 102438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102438

Lam, J. C., & Mukhdomi, T. (2025). Kyphosis. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32644371

Lorbergs, A. L., Murabito, J. M., Jarraya, M., Guermazi, A., Allaire, B. T., Yang, L., Kiel, D. P., Cupples, L. A., Bouxsein, M. L., Travison, T. G., & Samelson, E. J. (2017). Thoracic Kyphosis and Physical Function: The Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 65(10), 2257-2264. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15038

Norton, T. C., Oakley, P. A., & Harrison, D. E. (2022). Improving the cervical lordosis relieves neck pain and chronic headaches in a pediatric: a Chiropractic Biophysics((R)) (CBP((R))) case report with a 17-month follow-up. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 34(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.34.71

Oakley, P. A., Gage, W. H., Harrison, D. E., & Mochizuki, G. (2024). Non-surgical reduction in thoracolumbar kyphosis and sagittal vertical axis corresponding with improved sensorimotor control in an older adult with spinal deformity: a Chiropractic Biophysics((R)) case report. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 36(11), 756-764. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.36.756

Ogura, Y., Dimar, J. R., Djurasovic, M., & Carreon, L. Y. (2021). Etiology and treatment of cervical kyphosis: state of the art review-a narrative review. J Spine Surg, 7(3), 422-433. https://doi.org/10.21037/jss-21-54

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