Introduction: The Unseen Impact of Motor Vehicle Accidents
Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) affect millions of people every year, and even minor collisions can lead to lasting musculoskeletal, neurological, and postural complications. These injuries may not always be immediately visible but can evolve into chronic pain, mobility limitations, and nerve damage if left untreated. Physical therapy plays a critical role in the rehabilitation process by targeting pain relief, restoring flexibility, strengthening weakened muscles, and preventing long-term damage. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC, APRN, FNP-BC, based in El Paso, Texas, is a leader in post-accident care, specializing in personalized, evidence-based physical therapy protocols that integrate chiropractic and medical strategies (Jimenez, n.d.).
Section 1: Understanding Common MVA Injuries
Car accidents can trigger a cascade of injuries, even at low speeds. These include:
Whiplash and cervical sprain/strain
Herniated or bulging spinal discs
Lumbar or thoracic spine injuries
Ligamentous instability
Sciatica or peripheral nerve impingement
Postural alterations like forward head posture or scoliosis
Research shows that ligamentous and joint injuries can impair spinal alignment and cause referred pain in the extremities (Gomez, 2024). Such trauma disrupts biomechanics and impairs daily function.
Section 2: Physical Therapy as a Non-Invasive Solution
Physical therapy is often the first line of treatment after an MVA due to its non-invasive nature. It helps:
Reduce inflammation
Rebuild muscle control
Restore normal movement
Address postural deficits
Improve circulation
Therapists employ targeted strategies, including manual therapy, active range-of-motion exercises, electrical stimulation, and cryotherapy, to address pain and restore normal function (Bay State Physical Therapy, 2023).
Strengthening: Resistance exercises to reinforce spinal stability.
Range-of-motion: Gentle joint movement to regain flexibility.
These exercises prevent disuse atrophy and promote neuroplasticity, especially after neurological injuries.
Section 4: Modalities and Tools That Support Recovery
Along with exercise, therapists utilize:
Electrical stimulation
Ultrasound therapy
Heat and cold packs
Manual therapy (myofascial release, trigger point work)
Rocky Mountain Physical Therapy explains that these methods reduce pain, increase circulation, and prime tissues for movement (Rocky Mountain PT, 2023).
Section 5: The Importance of Individualized Therapy Plans
According to GA Spine & Orthopaedics, no two recovery plans are the same. Treatment plans are customized based on:
Section 6: Clinical Insight from Dr. Alexander Jimenez
Dr. Jimenez emphasizes that early intervention is crucial in preventing chronic pain syndromes. His integrative assessments involve:
Advanced imaging referrals (MRI, CT, digital motion X-ray)
Dual-scope evaluation combining chiropractic and medical frameworks
Neurological and orthopedic assessments
Legal documentation for personal injury claims
His clinic in El Paso is known for handling complex post-accident cases, where diagnostic clarity is essential to building a strong treatment and legal case (Jimenez, n.d.).
Section 7: How Physical Therapy Improves Long-Term Outcomes
Without rehabilitation, MVA injuries can lead to chronic complications like:
Fibromyalgia
Complex regional pain syndrome
Degenerative disc disease
Chronic postural dysfunction
Synergy Rehab notes that early physical therapy (PT) reduces the risk of long-term disability by restoring normal motion patterns and muscle coordination (Synergy Rehab, 2023).
Conclusion: Moving Forward with Confidence
Recovering from a motor vehicle accident is not just about healing physically—it’s about regaining confidence in your body and daily function. Physical therapy offers a tailored, evidence-based path toward recovery, minimizing chronic pain and restoring mobility. With expert providers like Dr. Alexander Jimenez, patients in El Paso have access to comprehensive, compassionate care that integrates clinical precision and legal understanding.
Understanding How Motor Vehicle Accidents Impact Mobility and Flexibility
Introduction
Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a significant public health concern, affecting millions of people each year. In the United States, over three million individuals sustain injuries from MVAs annually, with many experiencing long-lasting effects on their mobility and flexibility (Novus Spine & Pain Center, 2025). In Texas alone, nearly 300,000 car accidents occur yearly, often resulting in injuries that impair daily activities (Jimenez, 2018). These injuries, ranging from soft tissue damage to severe spinal trauma, can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion, significantly impacting quality of life. This article examines the mechanisms by which MVAs lead to mobility and flexibility issues, the types of injuries involved, their long-term consequences, and effective treatment options. Additionally, we highlight the expertise of Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a renowned chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, who specializes in treating MVA victims and supporting their recovery and legal needs.
MVAs can result in a wide range of injuries, each with unique effects on mobility and flexibility. Below, we discuss the most common types, including soft tissue injuries, spinal injuries, joint damage, head and brain injuries, and psychological trauma.
Soft Tissue Injuries
Soft tissue injuries, such as whiplash, are among the most frequent outcomes of MVAs. Whiplash occurs when the head is rapidly jerked forward and backward, straining the neck’s muscles and ligaments. This can lead to neck pain, muscle tightness, headaches, and difficulty turning the head, significantly limiting mobility (Jimenez, 2018). Approximately half of whiplash victims experience neck pain for at least one year post-accident, highlighting its long-term impact. Other soft tissue injuries, like sprains and strains to the back or shoulders, cause swelling and pain, further restricting movement (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.).
Spinal injuries are a major concern in MVAs, accounting for nearly half of all spine-related injuries (Jimenez, 2018). The spine’s delicate structure is vulnerable to high-impact collisions, which can cause herniated discs, vertebral fractures, or spinal cord damage. A herniated disc occurs when an intervertebral disc is pushed out of its normal position, compressing nerves and causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs (Cox Law Firm, n.d.). Severe spinal cord injuries may result in partial or complete paralysis, drastically reducing mobility. Videofluoroscopy studies have shown high diagnostic accuracy for detecting vertebral instability in chronic post-whiplash pain, underscoring the prevalence of spinal issues after MVAs (MDPI, 2020).
Joint injuries, such as those to the knees, shoulders, or wrists, are common in MVAs due to the body’s impact against vehicle components. Knee injuries, ranging from bruises to meniscus tears, can limit walking and bending (Kraft Law, 2024). Shoulder injuries often occur when drivers brace against the steering wheel, locking the joint and reducing flexibility. These injuries may lead to chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, which causes joint stiffness and pain over time. (Sage Hill Physiotherapy, n.d.).
Head injuries, including concussions, can affect physical function by causing dizziness, balance issues, and headaches. Concussions result from the brain’s impact against the skull during a crash, leading to symptoms that impair mobility (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.). These injuries may require rehabilitation to restore coordination and strength, as untreated concussions can prolong recovery.
Psychological trauma following an MVA, such as anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can indirectly affect mobility. Victims may avoid physical activity due to fear of reinjury or experience depression, reducing their willingness to engage in rehabilitation (Michigan Auto Law, 2025). This emotional response can exacerbate physical limitations, creating a cycle of reduced mobility and further impairing physical function.
MVA injuries can lead to chronic conditions that persist for years. Persistent pain from untreated injuries, such as whiplash or herniated discs, may affect areas like the neck, back, or limbs (Simply PT, n.d.). Joint injuries can progress to osteoarthritis, resulting in stiffness and a reduced range of motion. (Kitchel Law, n.d.). Spinal injuries may result in chronic pain or permanent mobility loss, with some requiring long-term care (LM Law, 2024). The progression of musculoskeletal joint pain is often linked to initial trauma, which reinforces the importance of early intervention.
Condition
Cause
Impact on Mobility/Flexibility
Chronic Neck Pain
Whiplash
Limits head movement, causes stiffness
Osteoarthritis
Joint trauma
Reduces joint flexibility, causes pain
Chronic Back Pain
Herniated discs
Restricts bending, lifting, and walking
Paralysis
Spinal cord injury
Severe loss of mobility, may require mobility aids
Early intervention is crucial for restoring mobility and flexibility after a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Physical therapy reduces pain, improves strength, and enhances flexibility through techniques like massage, exercises, and manual manipulation (Catalyst Physical Therapy, n.d.). Chiropractic care, including spinal adjustments, helps realign the spine and restore normal movement patterns. (Wall Family Chiropractic, 2024). Other treatments, such as acupuncture and nutrition counseling, may support recovery (Wellness for Warriors CT, n.d.).
Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a chiropractor and nurse practitioner in El Paso, Texas, has over 20 years of experience treating motor vehicle accident (MVA) injuries (Jimenez, 2018). His clinic offers personalized rehabilitation for whiplash, spinal injuries, and soft tissue damage, using advanced imaging like videofluoroscopy to diagnose vertebral instability (Dr. Alex Jimenez, n.d.). Dr. Jimenez’s clinical rationale emphasizes the correlation between patient injuries and diagnostic assessments, ensuring the development of accurate treatment plans. His use of dual-scope procedures and detailed medical documentation supports both recovery and legal needs in personal injury cases, making him a trusted provider in El Paso (Chiromed, n.d.).
Motor vehicle accidents can have profound effects on mobility and flexibility, causing injuries like whiplash, herniated discs, and joint damage that may lead to chronic conditions. Early treatment through physical therapy, chiropractic care, and other modalities is essential to prevent long-term complications. Dr. Jimenez’s expertise in El Paso highlights the importance of advanced diagnostics and comprehensive care in restoring function and supporting legal claims. By seeking immediate medical attention, victims can improve their recovery and maintain their quality of life.
Nerve Injuries from Car Accidents: Causes, Treatment, and Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s Expertise
Introduction
Car accidents happen in an instant, but their effects can last a lifetime. Among the many injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), nerve injuries are particularly common and can significantly impact daily life. Research suggests that over 25% of nerve injury cases result from car and truck accidents, with motorcycle crashes contributing to 32.5% of peripheral nerve injuries (Miller & Zois, 2024). These injuries often lead to peripheral neuropathy, a condition where nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are damaged, causing symptoms like pain, numbness, and weakness. In El Paso, TX, Dr. Alexander Jimenez, a chiropractor and board-certified nurse practitioner, stands out as a leading clinician helping victims recover from such injuries while supporting their personal injury cases. This comprehensive guide explores the medical causes of nerve injuries, their role in peripheral neuropathy, and how Dr. Jimenez’s unique approach aids recovery and legal processes.
References
Miller & Zois. (2024). Nerve injuries in auto accident lawsuits. Retrieved from Miller & Zois
Understanding Nerve Injuries
Nerves are the body’s communication network, transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts. Injuries to the nerves can disrupt this communication, leading to a range of symptoms. Nerve injuries from MVAs typically fall into three categories:
Compression: Nerves are pinched or pressed, often by swollen tissues or misaligned bones.
Stretching: Nerves are overstretched, as seen in whiplash injuries.
Severing: Nerves are partially or completely cut, often from severe trauma.
Peripheral neuropathy occurs when peripheral nerves—those outside the brain and spinal cord—are damaged. This condition can affect motor nerves (controlling movement), sensory nerves (responsible for sensation), or autonomic nerves (managing involuntary functions like heart rate). Symptoms vary depending on the nerve type affected, but common signs include pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness (Mayo Clinic, 2024).
Types of Nerve Injuries
Type
Description
Common Symptoms
Compression
The nerve is overstretched without tearing
The nerve is pinched by surrounding tissues
Stretching
Nerve is overstretched without tearing
Burning sensation, weakness
Severing
Numbness, tingling, and sharp pain
Loss of function, severe pain, paralysis
References
Mayo Clinic. (2024). Peripheral nerve injuries: Symptoms and causes. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic
Causes of Nerve Injuries in MVAs
Car accidents subject the body to sudden, violent forces that can damage nerves in various ways. The following are the primary causes of nerve injuries in MVAs:
Whiplash
Whiplash, one of the most common MVA injuries, occurs when the head and neck are jerked forward and backward rapidly. This motion can overstretch nerves in the neck and shoulders, leading to inflammation and compression. Whiplash is a significant contributor to nerve injuries, often causing symptoms like neck pain, tingling in the arms, and headaches (AICA Orthopedics, 2021).
Direct Trauma
The impact of a car accident can cause direct trauma to nerves. For example, hitting a steering wheel or being struck by debris can crush or sever nerves. Blunt force trauma is a leading cause of nerve damage, particularly in high-impact collisions (Singleton Schreiber).
Secondary Injuries
After an accident, swelling, inflammation, or scar tissue can compress nerves, leading to delayed symptoms. Herniated discs or spinal misalignments can also exert pressure on nerve roots, leading to radiculopathy, a related condition characterized by nerve root irritation (Fletcher Law Office, 2023).
Common MVA Scenarios Leading to Nerve Injuries
Scenario
Mechanism of Injury
Potential Nerve Damage
Rear-end collision
Whiplash from sudden neck movement
Cervical nerve stretching
Head-on collision
Blunt force trauma to chest or limbs
Peripheral nerve compression
Rollover accident
Blunt force trauma to the chest or limbs
Severe nerve severing or compression
References
AICA Orthopedics. (2021). Can you get nerve damage from a car accident? Retrieved from AICA Orthopedics
Singleton Schreiber. (n.d.). Nerve damage from car accidents in California. Retrieved from Singleton Schreiber
Fletcher Law Office. (2023). What is radiculopathy vs. neuropathy from a Texas car accident? Retrieved from Fletcher Law Office
Symptoms of Nerve Injuries
Nerve injuries present a wide range of symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the damage. Recognizing these signs early is crucial for seeking timely treatment.
Motor Nerve Damage
Motor nerves control muscle movement. Damage can lead to:
Muscle weakness or difficulty with tasks like gripping or walking.
Some nerve injuries may not be immediately apparent. Swelling or scar tissue can develop days or weeks after an accident, leading to symptoms that worsen over time. This underscores the importance of medical evaluation even if you feel fine initially (Houston Pain Specialists).
References
HM Attorneys. (2022). Can a car accident cause nerve damage? Retrieved from HM Attorneys
Bensinger Legal. (n.d.). Signs of nerve damage after a car accident. Retrieved from Bensinger Legal
The Russo Firm. (n.d.). Neurological issues caused by car accidents. Retrieved from The Russo Firm
Houston Pain Specialists. (n.d.). Why some auto accident injuries lead to chronic nerve pain. Retrieved from Houston Pain Specialists
Diagnosis of Nerve Injuries
Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Doctors use a combination of physical examinations, imaging techniques, and specialized tests to diagnose nerve injuries.
Physical Examination
A doctor will:
Test reflexes using a reflex hammer to check for hyporeflexia (reduced reflexes) or hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes).
Assess sensation using tools such as a pinprick or cotton swab to detect sensory abnormalities.
These tests measure how well nerves transmit electrical signals, helping pinpoint the location and extent of damage. Electromyography (EMG) may be used alongside to assess muscle response.
Diagnostic Methods
Method
Purpose
Physical Exam
Assess reflexes, sensation, and strength
X-ray
Identify bone fractures or misalignments
MRI
Detect soft tissue and nerve compression
Nerve Conduction Study
Measure nerve signal transmission
References
Spine Universe. (2018). Neurological exams: Sensory nerves and deep tendon reflexes. Retrieved from Spine Universe
Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2018). The abdomen: Diagnostic imaging approach. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez
Treatment Options
Treatment for nerve injuries aims to alleviate symptoms, promote healing, and prevent the development of chronic conditions. Options range from non-invasive therapies to surgical interventions.
Chiropractic Care
Chiropractic adjustments realign the spine and joints, reducing nerve compression. This approach is effective for whiplash, pinched nerves, and herniated discs. Chiropractors also provide soft tissue therapy to reduce inflammation (PrimeCare Chiropractic).
Physical Therapy
Targeted exercises and stretches improve mobility, strengthen muscles, and reduce nerve pressure. For optimal results, Houston Pain Specialists often combine physical therapy with chiropractic care.
Medication
Medications may include:
Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to reduce swelling.
Nerve pain medications, such as gabapentin.
Muscle relaxants are used to alleviate spasms.
Surgery
Surgery may be necessary in severe cases to repair severed nerves or relieve compression from herniated discs or fractures. Surgery is typically considered a last resort (Dolman Law, 2022).
Treatment Options Overview
Treatment
Description
Best For
Chiropractic Care
Spinal adjustments, soft tissue therapy
Whiplash, pinched nerves
Physical Therapy
Exercises to improve mobility and strength
Muscle weakness, mobility issues
Medication
Pain relief and inflammation reduction
Acute pain, inflammation
Surgery
Repair severe nerve damage or compression
Severed nerves, severe compression
References
PrimeCare Chiropractic. (n.d.). Chiropractic care for personal injury recovery. Retrieved from PrimeCare Chiropractic
Houston Pain Specialists. (n.d.). Why some auto accident injuries lead to chronic nerve pain. Retrieved from Houston Pain Specialists
Dolman Law. (2022). Neurological issues from a car accident. Retrieved from Dolman Law
The Role of Chiropractic Care in Recovery
Chiropractic care plays a vital role in recovering from MVA-related nerve injuries. By addressing spinal misalignments and reducing nerve pressure, chiropractors help restore function and alleviate pain.
Benefits of Chiropractic Care
Pain Relief: Adjustments reduce nerve compression, easing pain without relying heavily on medications.
Improved Mobility: Realigning the spine enhances range of motion, aiding daily activities.
Non-Invasive: Chiropractic care avoids surgery, making it a safer option for many patients (Aventura Wellness, 2023).
Supporting Personal Injury Claims
Chiropractors provide detailed documentation of injuries, treatment plans, and progress, which is crucial for personal injury lawsuits. This evidence links the accident to the injury, supporting compensation claims. Chiropractors may also testify in court to explain the extent of injuries (Comfort Rehab, 2024).
Early Intervention
Seeking chiropractic care soon after an accident can prevent chronic conditions. Delayed treatment may allow scar tissue or inflammation to worsen nerve damage, leading to persistent pain (Hensley Legal, 2024).
References
Aventura Wellness. (2023). The role of chiropractic care in personal injury recovery. Retrieved from Aventura Wellness
Comfort Rehab. (2024). Role of chiropractic in personal injury lawsuits. Retrieved from Comfort Rehab
Hensley Legal. (2024). Can a personal injury chiropractor help your case? Retrieved from Hensley Legal
Dr. Alexander Jimenez: A Leading Expert in El Paso
In El Paso, TX, Dr. Alexander Jimenez is a prominent clinician for MVA victims, offering a unique blend of chiropractic and medical expertise. With over 25 years of experience, he leads Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic, specializing in injury rehabilitation, functional medicine, and personal injury care (A4M, n.d.).
Background and Credentials
Dr. Jimenez holds dual licensure as a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) and a board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP-BC). He is also certified in functional medicine, allowing him to address both biomechanical and systemic health issues. His education includes training from the National University of Health Sciences, and he has been recognized as a top-rated chiropractor in El Paso from 2015 to 2024 (Healthgrades).
Clinical Approach
Dr. Jimenez employs a comprehensive approach to treat nerve injuries:
Advanced Diagnostics: He utilizes imaging techniques (X-rays, MRIs) and the Living Matrix Functional Medicine Assessment to pinpoint the underlying causes of nerve damage (Dr. Alex Jimenez, 2025).
Dual-Scope Interventions: Combining chiropractic adjustments with medical management, he addresses both structural and physiological aspects of injuries.
Each patient receives a personalized treatment plan that prioritizes pain relief, mobility recovery, and long-term wellness.
Role in Personal Injury Cases
Dr. Jimenez acts as an intermediary between medical care and legal processes. His clinic provides detailed medical records, diagnostic imaging results, and treatment summaries that support personal injury claims. These documents help establish the link between the accident and the injury, which is crucial for securing compensation. His expertise also allows him to collaborate with attorneys, providing expert testimony when needed (Dr. Alex Jimenez, 2017).
Community Impact
Dr. Jimenez’s commitment to El Paso extends beyond his clinic. He engages in community outreach, such as the “Tell A Veteran” program, offering chiropractic care to disabled veterans. His Health Voice 360 Podcast educates the public on various health issues, including nerve injuries and recovery, as well as other related topics (LinkedIn).
Why Choose Dr. Jimenez?
Feature
Benefit
Dual Licensure
Combines chiropractic and medical expertise
Advanced Diagnostics
Pinpoints injury causes with precision
Legal Support
Provides documentation for personal injury claims
Holistic Approach
Addresses physical, nutritional, and emotional health
References
A4M. (n.d.). Dr. Alex Jimenez: Injury Medical & Chiropractic Clinic. Retrieved from A4M
Healthgrades. (n.d.). Dr. Alexander Jimenez, DC. Retrieved from Healthgrades
Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2025). Why choose Dr. Jimenez and clinical team. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez
Dr. Alex Jimenez. (2017). Personal injury doctor. Retrieved from Dr. Alex Jimenez
LinkedIn. (n.d.). Dr. Alexander Jimenez’s profile. Retrieved from LinkedIn
Conclusion
Nerve injuries from car accidents, including compression injuries and whiplash, can lead to peripheral neuropathy, causing significant physical and emotional challenges. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent chronic pain and restore quality of life. Dr. Alexander Jimenez, located in El Paso, TX, provides MVA victims with hope by integrating advanced diagnostics, chiropractic care, and functional medicine to facilitate their recovery. His role in personal injury cases ensures patients receive both medical care and legal support, helping them navigate the aftermath of an accident. If you’ve been in a car accident, don’t wait for symptoms to worsen—seek expert care to start your journey to healing.
To what extent can regular exercise contribute to the overall health of elderly individuals and reduce the likelihood of developing dementia?
Dementia Prevention and Exercise
Dementia is a term that refers to various diseases that impede memory and cognition, and it is presently the seventh most common cause of death worldwide. (World Health Organization, 2025) Approximately 10 million new cases of dementia are diagnosed annually on a global scale. (Yoon J.H. et al., 2023) A study investigating the correlation between insulin and exercise in the brain discovered that consistent physical activity may enhance brain function and reduce the likelihood of developing dementia. Researchers have discovered that factors such as.
Exercise and stretching are necessary. Muscle rigidity impairs insulin’s ability to work in those who don’t exercise. The body enhances insulin sensitivity by contracting and releasing those muscles in response to movement. Dementia prevention efforts might benefit from identifying mechanisms that lower insulin resistance.
Physical Activity and Reduced Risk
After observing 21 older individuals with prediabetes for two weeks, the researchers discovered that physical activity assists the brain in regulating insulin, directly improving cognitive function. Under supervision, they completed twelve exercise sessions that ranged from moderate to high intensity. (Malin S. K. et al., 2025)
The findings show a notable rise in the number of extracellular vesicles produced from the brain that contain insulin-related proteins.
These micro-messengers ensure that neurons can communicate with one another and play an essential part in maintaining the brain.
AKT (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three specific protein kinases that are important for many body functions, such as keeping cells alive, helping them grow, managing metabolism, and controlling the cell cycle.
The protein is considered a significant factor in insulin signaling and has ramifications for neuronal cell growth and health.
Inadequate insulin response may contribute to dementia. Hence, it is noteworthy that exercise could mitigate this by potentially enhancing insulin signaling.
Although further investigation is necessary, these results underscore that physical activity may be an accessible, cost-effective method to promote long-term cognitive health. In the subsequent phase of the investigation, researchers will employ an insulin spray and MRIs to gain further insight into insulin’s impact on brain activity. They will analyze cerebral blood circulation before and during the administration of the insulin spray to elucidate its effects.
Insulin, Exercise, and Brain Health
Insulin is a hormone synthesized by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Nonetheless, insulin’s significance in cerebral health is equally crucial. The brain’s abundance of insulin receptors facilitates neuronal communication, enhances synaptic connections upon insulin binding, and promotes memory and learning. (Gray, S. M., Meijer, R. I., & Barrett, E. J. 2014)
Impaired insulin signaling, as observed in situations such as type 2 diabetes, renders the brain more susceptible to cognitive deterioration. (Yoon J.H. et al., 2023) Research indicates that insulin resistance plays a role in the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, which are fundamental features of Alzheimer’s disease. (Hong, S., Han, K., & Park, C. Y. 2021) Enhancing insulin sensitivity may mitigate or avert these cerebral alterations. Aerobic exercise positively influences total brain health. Prior research has demonstrated that physical activity improves or sustains adult cognitive function and memory. (Rosenberg A. et al., 2020) Other ways to increase brain health include
Staying socially engaged
Challenging the mind
Getting plenty of sleep
Managing Stress
Healthy diet
Staying physically active
Diabetes management
Blood pressure management
The future of dementia prevention will likely entail a synthesis of lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and pharmacological treatments, to achieve the most significant impact. Consistent physical activity may substantially diminish the likelihood of dementia in adults with prediabetes or diabetes and support normal cognitive function.
Clinic for Chiropractic Care and Functional Medicine
Family Practice Nurse Practitioner Dr. Jimenez integrates sophisticated medical proficiency with chiropractic treatment to manage diverse illnesses. Our clinic combines Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to develop tailored care plans that enhance natural healing, mobility, and sustained wellness. By emphasizing flexibility, agility, and strength, we enable patients to flourish, irrespective of age or health obstacles. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we dedicate ourselves to treating individuals recovering from injuries and chronic pain disorders. We enhance your capabilities through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs customized for various age demographics and disabilities. We employ in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to guarantee tailored care and optimal wellness outcomes for each patient.
Is Motion Key to Healing?
References
World Health Organization. (2025). “Dementia.” World Health Organization. from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/dementia#:~:text=Alzheimer%20disease%20is%20the%20most,60%E2%80%9370%25%20of%20cases.
Yoon, J. H., Hwang, J., Son, S. U., Choi, J., You, S. W., Park, H., Cha, S. Y., & Maeng, S. (2023). How Can Insulin Resistance Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043506
Malin, S. K., Battillo, D. J., Beeri, M. S., Mustapic, M., Delgado-Peraza, F., & Kapogiannis, D. (2025). Two weeks of exercise alters neuronal extracellular vesicle insulin signaling proteins and pro-BDNF in older adults with prediabetes. Aging cell, 24(1), e14369. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14369
Gray, S. M., Meijer, R. I., & Barrett, E. J. (2014). Insulin regulates brain function, but how does it get there?. Diabetes, 63(12), 3992–3997. https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-0340
Hong, S., Han, K., & Park, C. Y. (2021). The insulin resistance by triglyceride glucose index and risk for dementia: population-based study. Alzheimer’s research & therapy, 13(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00758-4
Rosenberg, A., Mangialasche, F., Ngandu, T., Solomon, A., & Kivipelto, M. (2020). Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia: From FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, 7(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2019.41
Can bone growth stimulators help promote bone healing in cases where fractures or fusions fail to heal properly?
Bone Growth Stimulator
Individuals who sustain broken bones typically heal the fracture with appropriate treatment, which may include casts, realignment, and surgery. This type of surgery is performed on the spine and joints throughout the body; typically, the bone heals without a problem. Bone healing is a natural process, as bones are constantly replaced with new ones, and after an injury, the body can heal the damage to the bone. However, bone healing sometimes does not happen correctly and/or completely. Bone healing can take a long time, which is known as a delayed union, or it may not occur at all, or a nonunion. This is when a healthcare provider could recommend bone growth stimulation.
How They Work
Bone growth stimulators apply external or implanted electrical or ultrasonic energy to the fracture or fusion site, stimulating bone growth. These devices are often used when a fracture doesn’t heal within the expected timeframe (a nonunion fracture) or when a spinal fusion has not successfully fused. (FDA, 2022)
They come in various shapes, sizes, and technologies depending on the location of the fracture.
The most commonly used bone stimulators in orthopedics are electrical and ultrasound stimulators.
The stimulator emits a pulsed electromagnetic or ultrasonic impulse to the area where bone healing should occur.
Most modern bone stimulators are attached near the fracture site or fused with a small battery pack and worn for a period each day that may last minutes or hours.
Electrical Stimulation
Devices deliver low-level electrical pulses to the fracture site, which can stimulate bone cells to create new bone tissue.
Ultrasound Stimulation
They emit low-intensity pulsed ultrasound waves, which are absorbed by the bone and can promote bone healing.
Implantable vs. External
Some stimulators are surgically implanted, providing constant stimulation directly at the fracture site, while others are external and worn over the skin or cast.
The goal is to activate a series of receptors in the body to encourage a healing response. (Childs, S. G. 2003) The stimulator activates a pathway that releases chemicals within the body to promote fracture healing. This type of process in the body is called a cascade, and it happens when one signal stimulates another method, and so on until healing is complete. The bone stimulator ensures this cascade continues until the healing process is complete.
Effectiveness
Studies of bone stimulator effectiveness suggest two benefits:
Less pain is associated with the bone healing process.
Faster fracture healing.
However, these studies haven’t shown that these differences lead to improved patient functional outcomes. It would seem that if there is less pain and faster healing, then the patient should recover without complications. However, some researchers have suggested this is probably because the differences in pain and healing times are small and not necessarily noticeable. (Aleem, I. S. et al., 2016)
While bone growth stimulators can be effective, the results can vary, and their effectiveness is still under investigation.
Some studies have shown that stimulators can reduce pain and speed up healing time, while others have shown mixed results.
It’s important to discuss the benefits and risks of bone growth stimulation with a doctor to determine if it’s the right treatment option.
When Stimulation is Necessary
Bone stimulators are currently not used for routine fracture healing. It is certainly possible that bone healing stimulators will be used routinely in the future. They seem to show some benefit in non-healing fractures or fractures that are likely troublesome to heal. Some reasons individuals may have problems healing fractures are injuries to the blood supply to and around the fracture, injuries to specific bones, and overuse-related fractures. (Victoria, G. et al., 2009) These injuries may include (FDA, 2022)
Nonunion Fractures
When a fracture doesn’t heal within the expected timeframe.
Open fractures
Stress fractures
Scaphoid bone fractures
Talus fractures
Failed Fusions
When a spinal fusion hasn’t been successful.
High-Risk Patients
For individuals with factors that can hinder bone healing, such as smoking, diabetes, or certain medications
Bone healing typically proceeds without much problem. However, there are situations where people have issues healing after fractures or surgery. Bone stimulators are not used for routine bone healing but in situations where steps may be needed to help stimulate the body. While the improvement may be small, it may be critical if it is the difference between healing and nonhealing.
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic
As a Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Dr. Jimenez combines advanced medical expertise with chiropractic care to address various conditions. Our clinic integrates Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to create customized care plans that promote natural healing, mobility, and long-term wellness. By focusing on flexibility, agility, and strength, we empower patients to thrive, regardless of age or health challenges. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we passionately focus on treating patients after injuries and chronic pain syndromes. We focus on improving your ability through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs tailored for all age groups and disabilities. We use in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to ensure every patient’s personalized care and wellness outcomes.
From Injury to Recovery with Chiropractic Care
References
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2022). AccelStim Bone Growth Stimulator – P210035. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/recently-approved-devices/accelstim-bone-growth-stimulator-p210035#:~:text=What%20is%20it?,the%20transducer%20to%20the%20fracture
Childs, S. G. (2003). Stimulators of bone healing. Biologic and biomechanical. Orthopedic nursing, 22(6), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006416-200311000-00010
Aleem, I. S., Aleem, I., Evaniew, N., Busse, J. W., Yaszemski, M., Agarwal, A., Einhorn, T., & Bhandari, M. (2016). Efficacy of Electrical Stimulators for Bone Healing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Sham-Controlled Trials. Scientific Reports, 6, 31724. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31724
Victoria, G., Petrisor, B., Drew, B., & Dick, D. (2009). Bone stimulation for fracture healing: What’s all the fuss?. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 43(2), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.50844
For individuals dealing with or experiencing muscle pain and stiffness, how long does it take to loosen tight muscles?
Length Of Time to Loosen Tight Muscles
Tight muscles are often caused by overuse or strain, combined with muscle soreness, a common symptom of tight muscles. The soreness peaks around the third day and begins to subside, typically resolving within a few days. But if tightness persists or is accompanied by other symptoms like numbness, inability to move, or swelling, it’s important to consult a medical provider. (Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island, 2024) However, it can take much longer for individuals who have never stretched and have had tight muscles for years, depending on the severity, injury history, and underlying causes.
Factors Influencing Timeline
Consistent stretching can take anywhere from a few weeks to a few months to noticeably loosen tight muscles and improve flexibility. The specific time frame depends on factors like the severity of the tightness, underlying causes, and individual consistency with stretching. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)
Severity of Tightness
Muscle knots and significant limitations in range of motion may take longer to resolve than minor stiffness.
Underlying Causes
If tightness is due to a specific injury or condition, addressing that cause is important for lasting and maintaining improvements. (Healthline, 2023)
Individual Factors
Genetics, age, and overall health can influence how quickly muscles adapt to stretching.
Consistency
Regular stretching, ideally daily or several times a week, is essential for feeling progress. (Mayo Clinic, 2023)
Stretching Routine
The length of time can vary based on the starting flexibility level and the specific stretching routine. (Mayo Clinic, 2023) It typically takes several weeks of consistent stretching, at least 3-4 times a week, to notice flexibility improvements. Longer-term changes, beyond the initial feeling of being looser, usually take 8 to 12 weeks.
Longer holds (1-2 minutes) can provide deeper benefits.
Long-term Gains
For substantial and sustained improvements, stretching consistently for several months is recommended. (Mayo Clinic, 2023)
Initial Changes
Individuals may notice small improvements in the first few weeks, especially starting from a more inflexible position.
Influencing Factors and Results
Individual genetics, current flexibility level, and the specific exercises can affect how quickly improvements are seen and felt. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)
What To Expect
Improvements
Within a few weeks, individuals might notice a decrease in the sensation of tightness or increased ease in reaching a stretch. (Peterson Physical Therapy, 2024)
Longer-Term Changes
Significant muscle length and flexibility improvements may take several weeks to months of consistent effort.
Consider professional guidance for specific concerns or limitations. Consult a physical therapist or healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.
The length of time to see results means consistency and patience are important.
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic
As a Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Dr. Jimenez combines advanced medical expertise with chiropractic care to address various conditions. Our clinic integrates Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine to create customized care plans that promote natural healing, mobility, and long-term wellness. By focusing on flexibility, agility, and strength, we empower patients to thrive, regardless of age or health challenges. At El Paso’s Chiropractic Rehabilitation Clinic & Integrated Medicine Center, we passionately focus on treating patients after injuries and chronic pain syndromes. We focus on improving your ability through flexibility, mobility, and agility programs tailored for all age groups and disabilities. We use in-person and virtual health coaching and comprehensive care plans to ensure every patient’s personalized care and wellness outcomes.
Understanding Long-Lasting Injuries
References
Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island. (2024). How Long Do Muscle Knots Last? Spine Medicine and Surgery of Long Island. https://www.spinemedli.com/how-long-do-muscle-knots-last/#:~:text=The%20duration%20of%20a%20muscle,chronic%20pain%20if%20left%20untreated.
Peterson Physical Therapy. (2024). How Long Does It Take to Improve Flexibility? https://petersenpt.com/how-long-does-it-take-to-improve-flexibility#:~:text=Over%20the%20years%2C%20I’ve,takes%20to%20become%20more%20flexible.
Healthline. (2023). Everything You Need to Know About Muscle Stiffness. https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-stiffness
Mayo Clinic. (2023). Stretching: Focus On Flexibility. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/stretching/art-20047931#:~:text=Stretch%20in%20a%20smooth%20movement,hold%20for%20around%2060%20seconds.
Harvard Health Publishing. (2022). Everyday Stretching. https://www.health.harvard.edu/everyday-stretching#:~:text=A%20daily%20regimen%20will%20deliver,or%20three%20times%20a%20week.
Should individuals experiencing nerve pain or various sensations get a nerve conduction velocity study to examine nerve health and function?
Nerve Conduction Velocity
A nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is a noninvasive test that measures the speed and strength of nerve stimulation using electrical probes placed on the skin. It’s used to diagnose nerve damage or disease, often alongside an EMG (electromyogram) to differentiate between nerve and muscle problems. It can also evaluate sensory issues, pain, and weakness of the extremities.
This test involves safe electrical shocks that can be slightly uncomfortable but not painful.
Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measures the speed at which electrical impulses travel along a nerve fiber, which measures how quickly electrical signals travel through a nerve.
This information indicates nerve health and function.
Electromyography (EMG) is a nerve test that involves placing tiny needles into the muscles.
A slower NCV can indicate nerve injury or dysfunction.
Test Uses
Generally, the test is ordered to assess peripheral nerve diseases, those that connect from the muscles, organs, and skin to the spinal cord or brain. It can help identify the type and location of nerve damage.
Peripheral nerve conditions typically cause pain, sensory loss, tingling, or burning.
Mild weakness and diminished reflexes can be detected during a neurological examination.
Conditions
Nerve conduction studies are performed to help diagnose conditions.
Herniated disc disease
Sciatic nerve problems
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Nerve damage (neuropathy), such as from diabetes, chemotherapy, or autoimmune disorders
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Nerve compression
Many different conditions, including trauma, inflammation, and tumors, can compress one or more nerves.
Radiculopathy
Often described as a pinched nerve, radiculopathy can affect an arm or a leg, causing pain and weakness.
Peripheral Neuropathy
This nerve damage begins in the most distal nerves, those farthest from the center of the body, such as the toes and fingers. It is often due to chronic alcohol misuse, uncontrolled diabetes, nutritional deficits, and inflammatory diseases. (Ferdousi M. et al., 2020)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Commonly caused by inflammatory diseases or overuse of the wrists, such as from assembly line work, carpal tunnel syndrome causes numbness, pain, and weakness of the fingers and hands. (Tada K. et al., 2022)
Ulnar neuropathy
This common condition causes arm pain and sensory changes, usually due to repetitive movements or a prolonged position that causes pressure on the ulnar nerve.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
This inflammatory condition causes demyelination, or loss of the insulating covering around nerves, which results in leg weakness.
It begins in the motor nerves, which send signals to muscles in the legs. (Shibuya K. et al., 2022)
The inflammation travels to nerves of the upper body, often affecting the muscles that control breathing.
Respiratory support is necessary until the condition improves.
Chronic Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
This condition is a chronic, recurrent form of GBS that usually affects the legs and causes episodes of weakness.
ICU neuropathy
Metabolic changes, severe illness, and not moving enough can cause nerves to develop a pattern of weakness and sensory loss.
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
This autoimmune condition affects the junction between the nerves and the muscles.
Myasthenia gravis causes drooping eyelids and weakness of the arms and shoulders.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
ALS is a serious, degenerative disease affecting the spinal cord’s motor neurons.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progresses rapidly, resulting in substantial weakness of muscles throughout the body.
How it’s Done
Surface electrodes are placed on the skin over nerves, and a small electrical current is applied to stimulate the nerve.
The time it takes for the electrical signal to travel between the electrodes is measured, and this time is used to calculate the NCV.
Values
Normal NCV values are generally between 50 and 70 meters per second. However, these values can vary depending on the nerve and the individual.
NCV Factors
Various factors can influence NCV.
Age
Sex
Medical conditions like diabetes
Interpretation
A slower NCV can indicate nerve damage or demyelination (loss of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers), while an EMG can help determine if the problem is with the nerve or the muscle.
Results
The results of NCV testing can be used to determine the type, severity, and location of nerve damage. The results will be ready in report form about a week after the test.
The test measures velocity (how fast a nerve transmits signals) and amplitude (how many nerve fibers were activated). (Tavee J. 2019)
The measurements are transmitted to a computer and shown as waves and numerical values.
The values are compared to a standard measurement based on the tested nerve.
The distance between the electrodes.
The person’s age.
Compared to the standard, the NCV results can identify certain patterns of nerve damage. (Tada K. et al., 2022) Outcomes include: (Tavee J. 2019)
If one or more nerves are affected.
If motor nerves (control movement), sensory nerves (transmit sensory signals), or both are affected.
Whether a nerve is blocked or damaged.
The severity of the damage.
The type of nerve damage
Axonal (damage to the nerve itself)
Demyelination (damage to the protective fatty layer around the nerve)
The results can help point to certain diagnoses.
Preparation Before the Test
Individuals will not need to change their diet before having an NCV. However, patients will be asked to avoid lotions or creams on their skin before the test. Individuals who are also having an EMG at the time of their NCV might be asked to stop taking medications or supplements that increase the risk of bleeding and bruising. If a healthcare provider says not to stop taking the medicines for health reasons, the patient might be warned that they could have some bruising after the EMG test.
NCV may advise against getting the test for those with electrical device implants.
Make sure your healthcare providers are aware of your whole medical history.
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Peripheral Neuropathy and Chiropractic Care
References
Ferdousi, M., Kalteniece, A., Azmi, S., Petropoulos, I. N., Worthington, A., D’Onofrio, L., Dhage, S., Ponirakis, G., Alam, U., Marshall, A., Faber, C. G., Lauria, G., Soran, H., & Malik, R. A. (2020). Corneal confocal microscopy compared with quantitative sensory testing and nerve conduction for diagnosing and stratifying the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. BMJ open diabetes research & care, 8(2), e001801. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001801
Tada, K., Murai, A., Nakamura, Y., Nakade, Y., & Tsuchiya, H. (2022). In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocities Are Worst in the Middle Finger Than in the Index Finger. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 851108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.851108
Shibuya, K., Tsuneyama, A., Misawa, S., Suzuki, Y. I., Suichi, T., Kojima, Y., Nakamura, K., Kano, H., Ohtani, R., Aotsuka, Y., Morooka, M., Prado, M., & Kuwabara, S. (2022). Different patterns of sensory nerve involvement in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy subtypes. Muscle & Nerve, 66(2), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.27530
Tavee J. (2019). Nerve conduction studies: Basic concepts. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 160, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00014-X
What is a bone density test, how is it performed, and what do the results mean?
Bone Density Test
A bone density test examines bone mass, which indicates overall bone strength. Assessing bone density or mass is necessary for diagnosing osteopenia or osteoporosis, conditions that increase the risk of broken bones. The scan is performed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which examines the thickness of the bones. Results from DEXA scans are compared to standardized values to determine whether bone density is lower than normal and whether osteopenia or osteoporosis is present.
Examination
The procedure examines bone density, or bone mass. The bones’ density, or mass, is an overall indicator of bone strength. The greater the bone density, the thicker and stronger the bones are. The test is used to diagnose osteoporosis, a condition characterized by brittle bones at risk of breaking due to significantly low bone density. A bone density test can also diagnose osteopenia, a condition characterized by lower than normal bone mass that can lead to osteoporosis. (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2025) It is recommended that all women aged 65 and older and all men aged 70 and older have a bone density scan to screen for bone loss to help prevent fractures. (Kling J. M., Clarke B. L., & Sandhu N. P. 2014)
Bone density scans can establish a baseline level of bone density and track changes over time.
For individuals with osteoporosis or osteopenia, a bone density scan can help track how well their bones respond to treatment.
During a DEXA scan, the patient will lie on their back on a table with their legs elevated on a padded platform.
An X-ray scanner will pass over the spine and hips while another scans beneath.
While the scan takes place, the patient will be asked to hold very still to obtain an accurate image.
The scan will obtain bone density readings from the spine and hip, the two most commonly fractured bones, and generally takes less than 30 minutes.
Results
A DEXA scan measures bone density in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm²). This number indicates how densely bone cells are packed together in a specific area of bone. This bone density reading is then compared to a standardized value to determine if bone density is within a normal range or lower than average.
Between minus 1.0 and minus 2.5: Low bone density (osteopenia)
Equal to minus 2.5 or below: Osteoporosis
Bone density values are reported as a Z score for women who have not undergone menopause and men under 50 years old.
Z scores are compared to bone density levels of individuals of the same age and sex.
A Z score of minus 2.0 or lower indicates low bone density, which can be caused by factors other than aging, such as medication side effects, nutritional deficiencies, or thyroid problems.
Arthritis Diagnosis
Because a DEXA scan only measures the thickness of bones, it doesn’t work to diagnose arthritis. An X-ray of the affected joint is currently the most accurate way to diagnose arthritis. The Kellgren-Lawrence classification system categorizes the extent of arthritis based on the severity of joint damage seen on an X-ray. According to this system, arthritis can be classified as: (Kohn M. D., Sassoon A. A., & Fernando N. D. 2016)
Grade 1 (minor)
Minimal or no joint space narrowing, with possible bone spur formation.
Grade 2 (mild)
Possible joint space narrowing, with definite bone spur formation.
Grade 3 (moderate)
Definite joint space narrowing, moderate bone spur formation, mild sclerosis (abnormal thickening of bone), and possible deformation of bone ends.
Grade 4 (severe)
Severe joint space narrowing, large bone spur formation, marked sclerosis, and definite deformation of bone ends.
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Exercise can be incredibly beneficial for improving bone density, joint mobility, and the strength of surrounding muscles, which support and protect joints and bones. Talk to a healthcare provider to learn what interventions and available treatment options would be the most effective. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Osteoporosis
References
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. (2025). Bone mineral density tests: what the numbers mean. Retrieved from https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-mineral-density-tests-what-numbers-mean
Kling, J. M., Clarke, B. L., & Sandhu, N. P. (2014). Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and treatment: a review. Journal of women’s health (2002), 23(7), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611
Kohn, M. D., Sassoon, A. A., & Fernando, N. D. (2016). Classifications in Brief: Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of Osteoarthritis. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 474(8), 1886–1893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4
Children walking with their toes pointed in may be pigeon-toed. What are the causes, conditions associated with it, and treatments?
Pigeon-toed Walking
If a child walks with their feet turned inward at the toes, it is usually described as being pigeon-toed. This pointing inward of the feet occasionally occurs as a child learns to walk and may continue through toddlerhood. It is noticed more often in children than adults, but older individuals can experience it. Pigeon-toed walking is rarely a major orthopedic problem and usually disappears without treatment. However, there are times when it may impact a child’s lower extremities and hips. Bracing or surgery may be necessary in these cases to correct the problem. (Paramanandam V. et al., 2019) This condition is common and typically is caused by abnormal birth positions in utero. Sometimes, slight issues may lead to noticeable functional characteristics. Mild changes in bone shape and positioning usually cause pigeon toes. Often, it subsides in a few years as the child continues to develop.
What Does It Mean?
There is usually no need to worry, as this condition is likely not permanent and will go away in a few years. (Paramanandam V. et al., 2019) However, it is recommended that you check in with your healthcare provider to ensure the child is developing normally. Some adults walk with their toes turned in. This may be due to a birth defect, a weakness, or a rare case of pigeon-toed walking as a youth that was left untreated or did not go away.
Causes
There are various reasons for pigeon-toed walking. To determine the cause, a healthcare provider can assess the child’s condition and make a diagnosis, including:
Metatarsus Adductus
A condition where the front part of the foot is turned inward.
The metatarsals are the long bones of the forefoot.
This is when the bones of the foot point inward, leading to pigeon-toed walking.
A clinical examination and X-ray can confirm the metatarsus adducts as a cause of pigeon-toed walking.
Tibial Torsion
A twisted shinbone (tibia) can cause the feet to turn inward in younger children.
The shinbone/tibia in some children may be slightly twisted.
The tibia can either turn outward or inward.
When it twists inward, it may manifest as a pigeon-toed gait.
Tibial torsion may accompany femoral anteversion.
It is diagnosed with an X-ray.
Children with tibial torsion typically grow out of the problem, and the pigeon-toed disappears by age 4. (Uden H., & Kumar S. 2012)
Femoral Anteversion
A common cause, especially in older children, is when the thighbone/femur is twisted inward.
If the femur turns inward and forward unnaturally, where the femoral neck meets the body of the femur, it is called femoral anteversion.
An outward and backward rotation of the femur is called femoral retroversion.
Many children with femoral anteversion appear knock-kneed with a large gap between their feet when standing with knees together, and when they walk, they appear pigeon-toed.
A clinical examination and X-ray diagnose it.
Symptoms
In most cases, the child does not complain of any pain. However, if pain is felt, it can include:
Tightness in the calf muscles
Aching on the outer edges of the feet
Knee pain
Usually, parents will notice pigeon-toes when their child is first learning to walk. Rest assured, the child most likely is not experiencing pain. They have feet and knees that turn inward when they walk and run. (Uden H., & Kumar S., 2012)
A pediatrician or primary care provider can assess the situation and make recommendations. Most pigeon-toed children begin walking and running normally after age 3 or 4, so a watch-and-wait approach is used. Parents may have to take their child to a specialist, like an orthopedic surgeon, if they complain of pain while walking. A specialist may be referred if the child cannot walk due to the inward turn of their feet.
Risk Factors
Pigeon-toed walking is not a preventable condition but rather one that develops during pregnancy. Causes may include: (Scorcelletti M. et al., 2020)
A pregnancy with twins or multiple births
Large fetus
Breech position in utero when the baby is positioned feet first.
Not enough amniotic fluid
Muscle Weakness in Adults
Adolescents or adults who notice their knees turn in and walk pigeon-toed may have weakness in the hip and leg muscles that control the position of their legs when they walk. Strengthening those muscles can help. (Scorcelletti M. et al., 2020)
Treatment
Typically, a normal gait will appear by the age of 3 or 4. Other treatments may include:
Physical Therapy Exercises and Gait Training
Exercises to stretch tight lower extremity muscles and strengthen hip and leg muscles can help improve walking gait.
See a pediatric specialist before starting, as research shows that parental stretching of a newborn with metatarsus adductus offers little benefit. (Eamsobhana P. et al., 2017)
Bracing or Casting
Braces
Serial casting is a procedure that helps children improve their range of movement and may be done to place their lower extremities in an optimum position as they develop. (Uden H., & Kumar S., 2012)
Surgery
For cases in which tibial torsion is the cause, osteotomy surgery, which involves cutting and/or removing bone, may be recommended to correct the structural deformity of the shinbone.
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Foot Pronation
References
Paramanandam, V., Lizarraga, K. J., Soh, D., Algarni, M., Rohani, M., & Fasano, A. (2019). Unusual gait disorders: a phenomenological approach and classification. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 19(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2019.1562337
Uden, H., & Kumar, S. (2012). Non-surgical management of a pediatric “intoed” gait pattern – a systematic review of the current best evidence. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 5, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S28669
Scorcelletti, M., Reeves, N. D., Rittweger, J., & Ireland, A. (2020). Femoral anteversion: significance and measurement. Journal of Anatomy, 237(5), 811–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13249
Eamsobhana, P., Rojjananukulpong, K., Ariyawatkul, T., Chotigavanichaya, C., & Kaewpornsawan, K. (2017). Does the parental stretching programs improve metatarsus adductus in newborns?. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong Kong), 25(1), 2309499017690320. https://doi.org/10.1177/2309499017690320
Individuals dealing with pain in the buttocks and in the back of the thigh, along with numbness and tingling down to the bottom of the foot, may be experiencing hamstring syndrome, a condition caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve. What is the recommended treatment?
Hamstring-Syndrome Relief
The hamstrings are three muscles in the back of the thigh, extending from the pelvis or upper thigh across the back of the knee to the leg. This muscle group is important for bending the knee, straightening the hip, and stabilizing the knee. The sciatic nerve is a large nerve that runs from the lower back down the legs. It usually passes near or through these muscles, and the pelvis then runs under these muscles in the thigh. Hamstring syndrome refers to pain in the buttock and back of the thigh, often radiating down the leg, caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve at the hamstring-insertion point on the ischial tuberosity, typically due to tight or scarred tissue. (Sakari Orava, 1997)
Pain Location
The pain is primarily felt in the buttock and back of the thigh, sometimes extending down the leg. It’s characterized by pressure on the sciatic nerve, which runs through the buttock and into the back of the thigh, where it supplies the hamstring muscles. (Kaiser Permanente, 2024)
Tight, tendon-like, or scarred bands of tissue at the hamstring’s insertion point/ischial tuberosity can irritate the sciatic nerve.
Compression
These bands can compress the nerve, especially when sitting or during activities that involve hip flexion and knee extension.
Traction
The sciatic nerve can also be stretched or irritated by the hamstring tendons.
Symptoms
Pain in the buttock and back of the thigh may radiate down the leg.
Pain that is worse when sitting, stretching the hamstrings, or during activities like running. (Puranen J. & Orava S. 1988)
Numbness or tingling in the back of the leg
Differential Diagnosis
It’s important to differentiate hamstring syndrome from other conditions that could be causing similar symptoms, including:
Piriformis syndrome
Ischiogluteal bursitis
Hamstring muscle strains
Treatment
Hamstring syndrome relief may consist of the following:
Conservative
Initial treatment focuses on rest, ice, stretching, and over-the-counter pain relievers.
Physical Therapy
Exercises to strengthen and stretch the hip and hamstring muscles can be beneficial. (Zion Physical Therapy, 2023)
Injections
In some cases, injections with cortisone and numbing medicine may be used to reduce nerve inflammation and pain. (Lower Limb Surgery, 2024)
Surgery
In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to release the compressing bands and free the sciatic nerve. (Lower Limb Surgery, 2024)
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Talk to a healthcare provider about what interventions would help the most. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Kaiser Permanente. (2024). Hamstring Syndrome: Care Instructions. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hamstring-syndrome-care-instructions.abr3618
Puranen, J., & Orava, S. (1988). The hamstring syndrome. A new diagnosis of gluteal sciatic pain. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(5), 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600515
Zion Physical Therapy. (2023). Hamstring Tendinitis Vs. Hamstring Syndrome. https://www.zionpt.com/post/hamstring-tendinitis-vs-hamstring-syndrome
